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Definition
| Stone tool tradition H. Erectus is associated with. Acheulean stone tools come in a variety of forms, but the Acheulean biface, or "hand ax" Shaped from stone cores approx. twice the size of Oldowan cores. |
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| systematic modification of plants and animals to increase their productivity and usefulness. Creates agroecology, only environment the plants can flourish. |
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| All the different forms that a particular gene might take |
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| The slow, gradual transformation of a single species over time. |
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| Convergent evolution, when two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features, as a result of adapting to similar environments. |
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| All material objects constructed by humans or near-humans revealed by archaeology. |
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| A cultural anthropology of the human past focusing on material evidence of human modification of the physical environment. |
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| Object that has been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity |
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| the characteristic form of social organization found among foragers. Usually small no more than 50 people, usually share materials and share labor. |
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| also called physical anthro, the speciality of anthro that looks at human beings as biological organisms and tries to discover what characteristics make them different or similar. |
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| walking on two feet rather than four |
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| stone tools that are at least twice as long as they are wide. |
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| A subsistence strategy based on collecting a wide range of plants and animals by hunting, fishing, and gathering. |
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| Sets of paired bodies in the nucleus of cells that are made of DNA and contain the hereditary genetic info that organisms pass on to their offspring. |
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| A group of organisms possessing a set of SHARED DERIVED features. |
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| The birth of a variety of descendant species from a single ancestral species |
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| The gradual intergradation of genetic variation from population to population |
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| Evidence of N. American Paleoindians, found on sites between 11,500 and 11,000 years ago. Stone tools finely made and probably attached to spears. |
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| Tools such as bows and arrows in which several different materials are combined (eg stone wood bone) to produce a final working implement. |
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| A pattern of variation involving polygeny in which phenotypic traits grade imperceptibly from one member of the population to another without sharp breaks |
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| A phenotypic trait that is absent in the parental generation however, shows in the offspring. i.e. brown eyed parents producing blue eyed kids |
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| space in the tooth row for each canine of the opposite jaw to fit into when the jaws closed. |
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| Human interference with the reproduction of another species with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people dependent on them. |
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| social relations in which no great difference in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another. |
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| a characteristic of the anthropological perspective that requires anthropologists to place their observations about human nature, society, or past in a temporal framework that takes into consideration change over time. "Change over time" (book short definition) |
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| the systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them. |
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| portion or portions of the DNA molecule that code for the proteins that shape phenotypic traits |
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| the exchange of genes that occurs when a given population experiences a sudden expansion due to an in-migration of outsiders from another population species. (i.e. birds fly to island from mainland) |
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Definition
| random changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next due to a sudden reduction in population size as a result of disaster, disease, or the out-migration of small subgroup from a larger population. |
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Definition
| The sum total of all the genetic information about an organism, carried on the chromosomes in the cell nucleus |
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Definition
| the genetic information about particular biological traits encoded in an organism's DNA |
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Term
| Gracile australopithecine |
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Definition
| Members of the species Australopithecus africanus that had small and lightly built faces |
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Term
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Definition
| the species of large-brained, robust hominids that lived between 1.8 and .4 mya |
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| the species of large-brained, gracile hominids 2million years old and younger |
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| Modern homo sapiens evolved from archaic homo sapiens which contained morphological features found in both Homo erectus, and homo sapiens. (500,000 to 200,000 years ago time of archaic homo sapiens) |
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| genetic inheritance due to common ancestry |
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| alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed. These pairs randomly unite during fertilization |
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| a South African society that many anthropologists study to provide helpful insights concerning the social and economic life of the first hominids (characteristics shared between !Kung and potential early hominids flexible form of kinship, group mobility, small group size, egalitarian style) |
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| a skeleton found in Washington in 1996 that was thought to be a 19th century white settler but was carbon dated to 9300 BP. Led to legal battle between scientists, and Native Tribes. Ended in favor of scientists. |
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| setting of complex caves in SW France famous for cave paintings which are evidence for modern human capacity for culture. |
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Term
| Lower Paleolithic/ Early Stone Age |
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Definition
| The name given to the period of Oldowan and Acheulean stone-tool traditions in Africa. |
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Definition
| The way sex cells make copies of themselves with chromosome duplication and the formation of daughter cells. |
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| Southwestern Asian society in which domestication was thought to have begun about 12,500 years ago. Although mostly small hunting camps, Natufian villages have been discovered. Also they had high artistic production. Also Natufian society showed signs of social stratification. (a form of social organization in which people have unequal access to wealth, power, & prestige) |
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Term
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Definition
| Prehistoric statuettes of women portrayed with similar physical attributes from the Upper Palaeolithic, mostly found in Europe. |
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| *Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age |
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Definition
| The 3rd and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Dates between 40,000-10,000 years ago. |
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Definition
| The physical examination of a geographical region in which promising sites are most likely to be found. |
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| The production of amounts of food that exceed the basic subsistence needs of the population. |
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| Different ways that people in different societies go about meeting their basic material survival needs |
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| A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police. A state, which has a separate set of governmental institutions designed to enforce laws and to collect taxes and tribute, is run by and elite that possesses a monopoly on the use of force. |
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| A precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity |
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| Theory proposed by Darwin that states that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by intra-specific competition. Also explained as "the effects of the struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex." |
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Definition
| The process of increasingly permanent human habitation in one place |
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Definition
| Members of several australopithecine species, dating from about 2.5 to 0.7 mya, that had rugged jaws, flat faces, and enormous molars |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that only one subpopulation of Homo Erectus, probably located in Africa, underwent a rapid spurt of evolution to produce Homo Sapiens 200,000-100,000 years ago. After that time, H. Sapiens would itself have multiplied and moved out of Africa, gradually populating the globe and eventually replacing any remaining populations of H. erectus or their descendants. |
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| Regional continuity model |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that evolution from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens occurred gradually throughout the traditional range of H. Erectus |
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Definition
| A theory claiming that most of evolutionary history has been characterized by relatively stable species coexisting in an equilibrium that is occasionally punctuated by sudden bursts of speciation, when extinctions are widespread and many new species appear. |
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Definition
| A character that is present in the common ancestor of a clade; a primitive trait is inferred to be the original character state of that character within the clade under consideration |
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Definition
| A trait that is controlled by a group of nonallellic genes. |
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| The phenomenon whereby a single gene may affect more than one phenotypic trait |
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Definition
| The ability to change or shape to genetic and environmental variation or differences (ex: !Kung) |
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Definition
| The observable, measurable overt characteristics of an organism. |
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Definition
| A stone-tool tradition named after the Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), where the first specimens of the oldest human tools (2-2.5 mya) were found |
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Definition
| When an organism actively perturbs the environment or when it actively moves into a different environment |
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Definition
| The "New Stone Age" which began with the domestication of plants 10,300 years ago. |
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Definition
| A subspecies of Homo sapiens that lived in Europe and western Asia 130,000-35,000 years ago |
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Definition
| A two-step, mechanistic explanation of how descent with modification takes place: 1) every generation, variant individuals are generated within a species due to genetic mutation and 2) those variant individuals best suited to the current environment survive and produce more offspring than other variants |
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Definition
| The creation of a new allele for a gene when the portion of the DNA molecule to which it corresponds is suddenly altered |
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Definition
| A middle Paleolithic stone-tool tradition associated with Neanderthals in Europe and southwestern Asia and with anatomically modern human beings in Africa |
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Definition
| Architectural constructions of a greater-than-human scale, such as pyramids, temples, and tombs |
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Term
| Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age |
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Definition
| The name given to the period of Mousterian stone-tool tradition in Africa, 200,000-40,000 years ago |
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