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A&S 105 Final
Albion College
63
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
10/03/2011

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cultural Relativism
Definition
Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living.
Term
Matrilocal Residence
Definition
A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the wife's mother.
Term
Patrilocal Residence
Definition
A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband's father.
Term
Avunculocal Residence
Definition
A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband's mother's brother. (from avuncular, "of uncles")
Term
Monogamy
Definition
A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time.
Term
Polyandry
Definition
A marriage pattern in which a woman may be married to more than one husband at a time.
Term
Polygamy
Definition
A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to more than one spouse at a time.
Term
Myth
Definition
Stories whose truth seems self-evident because they do such a good job of integrating personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about the way society, or the world in general, must operate.
Term
Nation-State
Definition
An ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide.
Term
Nationalism/Nation Building
Definition
The attempt made by the government officials to instill into the citizens of a state a sense of nationality.
Term
Orthodoxy
Definition
"correct doctrine"; the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts.
Term
Participant-observation
Definition
The method anthropologists use to gather information by living as closely as possible to the people whose culture they are studying while participating in said culture's life/activities as much as possible
Term
Persuasion/Hegemony
Definition
The persuasion of subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accommodations that nevertheless preserve the rulers' privileged position.
Term
Play
Definition

Play is a form of behavioral openess: the ability to think/speak/do different things in the same way, or the same thing in different ways. Permits reflexive consideration by setting up an alternate reality which suggests that perspective of ordinary life is only one way to make sense of the situation. 

(Fuck my life with this one if you're ambitious try to learn definition beneath too)

A framing (or orienting context) that is 1. consciously adopted by the players. 2. somehow pleasurable, and 3. systemically related to what is nonplay by alluding to the nonplay world and by transforming characteristic of the nonplay world.  

Term
Politics
Definition
Political Anthropology is the study of social power in human society. It consists of "social relations involving authority or power" and refers to the regulation of public affairs within a political unit, and to the methods and tactics used to formulate and apply policy. 
Term
Positivism
Definition
The view that there is a reality "out there" that can be known through the senses and that there is a single, appropriate set of scientific methods for investigating that reality.
Term
Power
Definition
Transformative capacity; the ability to transform a given situation.
Term
Race
Definition
A human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to distinct sets of biological attributes.
Term
Reciprocity
Definition

The exchange of goods and services of equal value. Three forms;

generalized in which neither the time nor the value of the return is specified.

balanced in which a return of equal value is expected within a specified time limit.

negative in which parties to the exchange hope to get something for nothing.

Term
Redistribution
Definition
A mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contributions from all members of the group and to redistribute them in such a way as to provide for every group member.
Term
Reflexivity
Definition
Critical thinking about the way one thinks; reflection on one's own experiences
Term
Ritual
Definition
Within a culture, a repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gesture, or the manipulation of objects; and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth.
Term
Sex
Definition
Observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females, and males needed for biological reproduction.
Term
Social Organization
Definition
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members.
Term
Symbol
Definition
Something that stands for something else. An object's whose meaning is deeper than the literal.
Term
Agency (Human)
Definition
The way people struggle, often against great odds, to exercise some control over their lives.
Term
Bridewealth
Definition
The transfer of certain symbolically important goods (beads, feathers, brass gongs) from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife's lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities.
Term
Capitalism
Definition
An economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called the "market"; an entire way of life that grew in response to and in service of that market.
Term
Caste
Definition
A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society that is closed, prohibiting individuals to move from one caste to another.
Term
Class
Definition
A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria.
Term
Coercion/Domination
Definition
Domination is coercive rule. Coercion is the practice of forcing another party to behave in an involuntary manner (whether through action or inaction) by use of threats, rewards, or intimidation or some other form of pressure or force.
Term
Commodities
Definition
An economic good traditionally of more advanced societies that is demanded, and introduced into typically less developed societies. Most began being globally consumed in the late 20th and early 21st century. Some commodities are embraced while others have the ability to alter and/or destroy cultures which leads to the shunning of them through changes in rituals and ideals by influential members of said culture.
Term
Cultural evolution
Definition
Changes over time in learned beliefs and behaviors that shape human development and social life.
Term
Cultural Imperialism
Definition

The idea that some cultures dominate others and that domination by one culture that leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power.

(example of cultural imperialism in the world; McDonalds)

Term
Culture
Definition
Sets of learned behaviors and ideas that humans acquire as members of society. Humans use culture to adapt to and transform the world in which they live.
Term
Descent
Definition
The principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong.
Term
Determinism
Definition
The philosophical view that one simple force (or a few simple forces) causes (or determines) complex events.
Term
Dowry
Definition
The wealth transferred, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage.
Term
Diaspora
Definition
Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world; a form of transborder identity that does not focus on nation building.
Term
Economy
Definition
Management of resources in terms of productivity. (economic Anthropology debates issues of human nature that relate directly to decisions of daily life and making a living)
Term
Endogamy
Definition
Marriage within a defined social group
Term
Exogamy
Definition
Marriage outside a defined social group.
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
A principle of social classification used to create groups based on selected cultural features such as language, religion, or dress. Ethnicity emerges from historical processes that incorporate distinct social groups into a single political structure under conditions of inequality.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The opinion that one's own way of life is natural or correct and, indeed, the only true way of being fully human.
Term
Ethnography
Definition
An anthropologist's written or filmed description of a particular culture.
Term
Ethnopragmatics
Definition
The study of language use that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both formed by and essential to social interaction.
Term
Family
Definition
Minimally, a woman and her dependent children.
Term
Gender
Definition
The cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sex.
Term
Gifts
Definition
An object or objects of economic or culturalistic value that are exchanged or given. Noncapitalist forms of economic exchange that are deeply embedded in social relations and always require a return gift.  EXTRA INFO->(Create a bond of obligation therefore playing a crucial role in creating and maintaining social relationships through obligations.)
Term
Globalism
Definition
Not to be confused with GLOBALIZATION. One meaning is the attitude or policy of placing the interests of the entire world above those of individual nations. The view that advocates the interpetation or planning of economic and foreign policy in relation to events and developments throughout the world.  
Term
Habitus
Definition
A method of cultural learning in which we are not explicitly taught but absorb things through daily life and activity.
Term
Heteroglossia
Definition
describes a coexisting multiplicity of linguistic norms and forms, many of which are anchored in more than one social subgroup.
Term
Hybridity
Definition
Also known as cultural hybridization. Means cultural mixing.
Term
Idealism
Definition
The philosophical view (dating back at least as far as Plato in Western thought) that ideas-or the mind that produces such ideas-constitute the essence of human nature.
Term
Ideology
Definition
A worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live.
Term
Kinship
Definition

Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin, through either biological, cultural, or historical descent. In anthropology the kinship system includes people related both by descent and marriage.

(Book definition of Kinship System- social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance.) 

Term
Liminality
Definition
The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions.
Term
Market Exchange
Definition
The exchange of goods (trade) calculated in terms of a multipurpose medium of exchange and standard value (money) and carried out by means of a supply-demand-price mechanism (the market)
Term
Marriage
Definition
An institution that transforms the status of participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, perpetuates social patterns through the birth of offspring, creates relationships between the kin of partners, and is symbolically marked.
Term
Materialism
Definition
The philosophical view that the material activities of our physical bodies in the material world constitute the essence of human nature.
Term
Matrilineal Descent
Definition
Matrilineality is a system in which lineage is traced through the mother and maternal ancestors. Matrilineality also is a societal system in which one belongs to one's matriline or mother's lineage, which can involve the inheritance of property and/or titles.
Term
Patrilineal descent
Definition
Patrilineality (or agnatic kinship) is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, names or titles through the male line as well.
Term
Bilateral Descent
Definition
The principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally (sometimes called cognatic descent)
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