Term
body size and temp
thermoregulation |
|
Definition
•Sources of Individual Variation in Thermoregulation
•Body Size and Thermoregulation
•Heat is produced by body mass (volume)
•Surface-to-volume ratio decreases with size
•Heat generated by “volume”(internal tissue) is lost at body surface
•Small individuals lose heat faster than large people
•People with more adipose tissue sub fat are insulated so wont shiver as fast. |
|
|
Term
how many ATP molecules gain from cellular
(aerobic) respiration? |
|
Definition
•Summary of ATP Production
•For one glucose molecule processed, cell gains 36 molecules of ATP
•2 from glycolysis
•4 from NADH generated in glycolysis
•2 from citric acid cycle (through GTP)
•28 from ETS |
|
|
Term
| What organs in the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
Mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, pyloric sphincter, bile duct, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, large intestine, rectum, anal sphincter, anus.
In order from beginning to end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Anatomy of the Stomach
•The stomach is shaped like an expanded J
•Short lesser curvature forms medial surface
•Long greater curvature forms lateral surface
•Anterior and posterior surfaces are smoothly rounded
•Shape and size vary from individual to individual and from one meal to the next
•Stomach typically extends between levels of vertebrae T7 and L3 |
|
|
Term
| What are regions of the stomach? |
|
Definition
•Regions of the Stomach
1.Cardia: smallest part
2.Fundus
3.Body:largest part, btwn fundus and curve j, mixing tank for ingested food and secretions of stomach
4.Pylorus: form curve of j |
|
|
Term
| What cations are found in the cell (ICF)? |
|
Definition
•Potassium
Is the dominant cation in ICF |
|
|
Term
| What cations found outside the cell (ECF)? |
|
Definition
| Sodium ions [image] are the principal cations found outside cells in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
•The ECF and the ICF
•Are called fluid compartments because they behave as distinct entities
•Are separated by plasma membranes and active transport
•Cations and Anions
•In ECF
•Sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
•In ICF
•Potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions
•Negatively charged proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the functions of the kidney? |
|
Definition
The main purpose of the kidneys is to separate urea, mineral salts, toxins, and other waste products from the blood. In addition, the kidneys also conserve water, salts, and electrolytes.
The kidney serves many important functions, including:
- Filtering out wastes to be excreted in the urine.
- Regulating blood pressure via both urinary excretion of wastes and initiating the renin-angiotensen hormone regulatory system
- Regulating an acid-base balance via the bicarbonate system
- Stimulating red blood cell production via the release of the hormone erythropoietin.
remove waste products from blood, help reg blood volume + blood pressure, ion levels, and blood ph. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
functional units of kidney
•Nephrons
•Microscopic, tubular structures in cortex of each renal lobe
•Where urine production begins
|
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the nephron? |
|
Definition
•The Nephron
•Consists of renal tubule and renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
•The Nephron
•Renal corpuscle
•Spherical structure consisting of:
•Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
•Cup-shaped chamber
•Capillary network (glomerulus) |
|
|
Term
| What does the renal corpuscle do? |
|
Definition
•Filtration of plasma
•Occurs in renal corpuscle
•Blood pressure
•Forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space
•Produces protein-free solution (filtrate) similar to blood plasma
|
|
|
Term
| What is the renal tubule? |
|
Definition
•Renal tubule
•Long tubular passageway
•Begins at renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| What does the renal tubule do? |
|
Definition
•Three Functions of the Renal Tubule
1.Reabsorb useful organic nutrients that enter filtrate
2.Reabsorb more than 90% of water in filtrate
3.Secrete waste products that failed to enter renal corpuscle through filtration at glomerulus
Reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, water; secretion of drugs, toxins, acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Segments of the Renal Tubule
•Located in cortex
•Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
•Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
•Separated by nephron loop (loop of Henle)
•U-shaped tube
•Extends partially into medulla
•Descending limb: reabsorp of water from tubular fluid
•Ascending limb: reabsorp of ions: assists in creation of a concentration gradient in the medulla |
|
|
Term
•The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
•Is the first segment of renal tubule
•Entrance to PCT lies opposite point of connection of afferent and efferent arterioles with glomerulus
•Epithelial Lining of PCT
•Is simple cuboidal
•Has microvilli on apical surfaces
•Functions in reabsorption
•Secretes substances into lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
•Three Processes at the DCT
1.Active secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins
2.Selective reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions from tubular fluid
3.Selective reabsorption of water
•Concentrates tubular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
•Each Nephron
•Empties into the collecting system
•A series of tubes that carries tubular fluid away from nephron
•Collecting ducts
•Receive fluid from many nephrons
•Each collecting duct:
•Begins in cortex
•Descends into medulla
•Carries fluid to papillary duct that drains into a minor calyx
•Determines final osmotic concentration and volume of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is intracellular fluid found? |
|
Definition
fluid in the cell
cytosol
The fluid consists mainly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as protein).
The presence of proteins and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Where is extracellular fluid found? |
|
Definition
- fluid outside of the cell
- interstial fluid, plasma,other body fluids
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
energy to support anabolisim
provide muscle fibers enegry for contraction
gland cells need ATP to synthesize and transport secretions |
|
|
Term
•Each Kidney Is Protected and Stabilized
•By three concentric layers of connective tissue
1.Fibrous capsule
•A layer of collagen fibers
•Covers outer surface of entire organ
2.Perinephric fat capsule
•A thick layer of adipose tissue
•Surrounds renal capsule
3.Renal fascia
•A dense, fibrous outer layer
•Anchors kidney to surrounding structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hilum of the kidney? |
|
Definition
•Hilum
•Point of entry for renal artery and renal nerves
•Point of exit for renal veinandureter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- hilum
- renal sinus
- renal cortex
- renal medulla
- renal pyramids
- renal papilla
- renal columns
- renal lobe
- minor calyx
- major calyx
- renal pelvis
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Hilum
•Point of entry for renal artery and renal nerves
•Point of exit for renal veinandureter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Renal sinus
•Internal cavity within kidney
•Lined by fibrous renal capsule
•Bound to outer surfaces of structures in renal sinus
•Stabilizes positions of ureter, renal blood vessels, and nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is the renal cortex? |
|
Definition
•Renal Cortex
•Superficial portion of kidney in contact with renal capsule
Reddish brown and granular |
|
|
Term
| What are the renal pyramids? |
|
Definition
•Renal Pyramids
•6 to 18 distinct conical or triangular structures in renal medulla
•Base abuts cortex
•Tip (renal papilla) projects into renal sinus
•Each pyramid has a series of fine grooves that converge at the papilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Renal Columns
•Bands of cortical tissue separate adjacent renal pyramids
•Extend into medulla
•Have distinct granular texture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Renal Lobe
•Consists of:
•Renal pyramid
•Overlying area of renal cortex
•Adjacent tissues of renal columns
•Produces urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Renal Papilla
Ducts discharge urine into minor calyx, a cup-shaped drain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Major Calyx
•Formed by four or five minor calyces |
|
|
Term
| what is the renal pelvis? |
|
Definition
•Renal Pelvis
•Large, funnel-shaped chamber
•Consists of two or three major calyces
•Fills most of renal sinus
•Connected to ureter, which drains kidney |
|
|
