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A&P Test 3 (Tuesdays)
cards from Tuesdays lectures for Test 3 in Mrs. L's class
99
Speech-Language Pathology
Undergraduate 2
11/16/2013

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Term
Facial Bones - Nasal
Definition
Paired rectangular bones
create anterior bony structure of nose
fused at internasal suture
Term
Facial Bones - Palatines
Definition
Help form posterior 1/4 of the hard palate
portion of floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity
inferior orbits of eyes
Term
Palatines - Plates
Definition
Horizontal plate
Forms posterior 1/4 of hard palate
Posterior nasal crest and spine
Attachment point for muscle of uvula

Perpendicular Plate
(lateral/superior extension)
posterior wall of nasal cavity
Term
Palatine bones (processes)
Definition
Orbital process: portion of eye socket
Sphenoid process: attaches to sphenoid bone
Pyramidal process: articulations with pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
Term
Palatine Bones - list of parts
Definition
Horizontal plate
perpendicular plate
orbital process
sphenoid process
pyramidal process
Term
Lacrimal Bones
Definition
Small paired bones
lateral nasal wall
medial orbit (eye socket)
Term
Zygomatic bone
Definition
Cheekbone
Orbital margin: lateral ridge of eye socket
multiple processes/articulations
Term
Zygomatic bone - processes and articulations
Definition
Maxillary process - maxilla
orbital process - forms part of orbit
temporal process - temporal bone
frontosphenoidal (frontal) process - frontal bone and sphenoid bone
Term
Inferior nasal conchae
Definition
scroll-like thin bones
inferior extensions within nasal cavity
(ethmoid bone creates superior and middle)
Term
Medial View
Definition
Maxilla
Palatine Bone
Nasal Bone
Inferior Nasal Concha
**Sphenoid
**Ethmoid
Term
Vomber
Definition
Unpaired (midline) bone
creates inferior/posterior nasal septum
connects with sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae and palatine bones
posterior ala (wing): midline end of nasal cavity
Term
Nasal Septum
Definition
Vomer, ethmoid bone and septal cartilage
Term
Cranial bones (list)
Definition
Parietal, Ethmoid, Sphenoidal, Temporal, Occipital, Frontal

Mnuemonic: Pest of 6 (6 types, 8 actual bones)
Term
Frontal bone
Definition
unpaired
Squamous portion - forehead and anterior most part of cranium
Zygomatic process - attachment to zygomatic bone
Nasal portion - articulation with nasal bones
Orbital portion - supraorbital ridge
Coronal suture - connection to parietal bone.
Term
Parietal bone
Definition
Paired bone
Superior portion of cranium
Coronal suture - connection with frontal bone
Sagittal Suture - connection with R/L parietal bones
Lambdoidal suture - connection with occiptal bone posteriorly
*wormian bones
Squamosal Suture - connection between temporal and parietal bones
Term
Occipital bone
Definition
Unpaied boned
Posterior region of cranium
Articulates with temporal, parietal, sphenoid bones
Squamous and basilar portions
Term
Occipital Bone - Squamous portion landmarks
Definition
Occipital protuberance (inion) - attachment for posterior neck/back muscles
Nuchal lines - border between squamous and basilar portions, attachment point for muscles
Term
Occipital bone - Basilar portion landmarks
Definition
Forman Magnum - large hole in base of skull for brainstem
Condyles - bumps that articulate with atlas (C1)
Pharyngeal tubercle - pharynx attaches to skull
Term
Temporal bone
Definition
Squamosal suture - connection to parietal bone
occipitomastoid suture - connection to occipital bone
Term
Temporal bone - sections
Definition
Squamous
Tympanic
Petrous
Mastoid
Term
Cavities of vocal tract
Definition
Oral, buccal, nasal, pharyngeal
Term
Oral (biological and non-biological functions)
Definition
Biological functions:
1. conduit for respiratory and digestive systems to interact with environment
2. mastication, deglutition, digestion

Non-biological functions:
1. most important for articulation
2. nearly all sound exits mouth (except nasals)
Term
Oral cavity includes:
Definition
Lips, cheeks, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum, tongue, mandible, faucial pillars.
Term
Hard palate
Definition
Maxillary and palatine bones
separates oral/nasal cavities
Term
Hard palate (landmarks)
Definition
Alveolar ridge
Rugae (ridges)
Median Raphe (line running anterior to posterior)
Term
Soft palate
Definition
Extends posteriorly from hard palate (palatine bones)
moveable muscular structure separating oral and nasal cavities
Uvula - terminal extension of velum
Term
Faucial Pillars
Definition
Tissue bands extending downward from soft palate
Anterior/posterior - palatine tonsils situated between ant/post arches
Posterior order of oral cavity
Term
Buccal cavity
Definition
Space between posterior teeth and cheeks.
lateral to oral cavity
some resonance - open to airflow in lateral lisp
Dysphagia (swallowing disorder) - food pocketing in buccal cavity
Term
nasal cavity
Definition
Bounded by maxilla, palatine, nasal bones
divided by nasal septum (vomer, ethmoid, cartilaginous septum)
Nasal conchae - increase surface area for warming/filtering air (ethmoid and inferior nasal concha)
Covered by ciliated mucous membrane
Term
Oral cavity: dentition
Definition
Point of articulation - interdental phonemes, labiodental phonemes
Dental arch:
1. upper/lower
2. incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, molars
3. equal numbers on each arch
Term
Dentition: tooth
Definition
Crown: visible 1/3 - composed of enamel, enamel covers dentin, dentin covers pulp
Root: beneath gingival (gum) line - cementum: thin layer of bone holding tooth in alveolar arch
Neck: junction of root and crown
Term
Tooth surfaces
Definition
Medial/mesial - toward midline of arch
Distal - away from midline of arch
Lingual - closest to tongue
Buccal - closest to cheeks
Occlusal - contact surface
Term
Types of teeth
Definition
16 per arch in adults
Incisors - central incisors (2 per arch), lateral incisors (2)
Cuspid (2)
Bicuspid/premolar (4), present only in adults
Molars (6)
Term
Dentition: development - deciduous teeth
Definition
baby teeth or milk teeth
typicall erupt between 6-9 months
10 teeth/arch with no bicuspids and only 2 molars per side
Term
Dentition: development - shedding
Definition
between 6-9 years
periodontal ligament in socket is senstive to pressure of permanent tooth, pressure leads to dissolving of root and tooth is shed shortly before permanent tooth erupts
Term
Dental Occlusion
Definition
contact between upper/lower teeth, proper occlusion necessary for chewing
Term
Class 1 occlusion
Definition
1st mandibular molar = 1/2 tooth forward of 1st maxillar molar
Term
Overjet
Definition
upper incisors slightly in front of lower incisors
Term
Overbite
Definition
upper incisors hide lower incisors
Term
class 1 malocclusion
Definition
normal molar alignment; abnormal incisor alignment
Term
class 2 malocclusion
Definition
Overbite
1st mandibular molar 1+ tooth in back of maxillary molar
retracted mandible
relative micrognathia (mandible small in relation to maxilla)
Term
class 3 malocclusion
Definition
underbite
1st mandibular molar rests in front of maxillary 1st molar
protruding mandible
Term
Misaligned teeth
Definition
Torsiversion - rotated/twisted
labioverted - tilted toward lips
linguaverted - tilted toward tongue
buccoversion - tilted toward cheek (molars)
distoverted - tilts away from midline
mesioverted - tilting toward midline of arch
infraverted - lower than rest of teeth
supraverted - higher than rest of teeth
Term
tongue muscles
Definition
intrinsic - contained within tongue used for fine movement and shape changes
extrinsic - originate or insert outside of tongue, used for general movement/positioning.
Term
tongue: structure and landmarks
inferior surface
Definition
highly vascular
lingual frenulum - connects inferior tongue to floor of mouth (tongue tied = short frenulum or ankyloglossia)
sublingual fold - transverse band of tissue on sides of tongue base (ducts for sublingual salivary glands)
Term
Tongue: structure and landmarks - root features
Definition
lingual tonsils: beneath lining of pharyngeal surface
medial and later epiglottic folds
valleculae
Term
Intrinsic Tongue muscles (list)
Definition
superior longitudinal
inferior longitudinal
transverse muscle
vertical muscles
Term
Superior longitudinal
Definition
creates upper layer of tongue
O: fibrous submucous layer near epiglottis/hyoid; also median fibrous septum
I: lateral margins and apex of tongue
F: bilateral - elevate tongue tip; protrude/retract tongue
unilaterally - deviate tongue tip ipsilaterally
Term
infeior longitudinal
Definition
O: root of tongue and hyoid bone - runs in lateral tongue; absent medially
I: apex of tongue
F: bilateral - depress tongue tuip, shorten, protrude/retract tongue
unilateral - deviate tongue tip ipsilaterally
retracts tongue when contracted with superior longitudinal muscle
Term
Transverse muscle
Definition
O: median fibrous septum
I: side of tongue, submucous tissue
F: narrow and elongate tongue (pull edges toward midline)
Term
Vertical muscles
Definition
O: membranous cover of dorsum
I: lateral and inferior tongue surfaces
F: flatten tongue
Term
extrinsic tongue muscles (list)
Definition
Genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
Mnuemonic : paris hilton spreads germs
Term
Genioglossus
Definition
primary tongue mover
O: inner mental symphysis, superior mental spine
I anterior: dorsum of tongue
I posterior: hyoid corpus
F anterior: retraction of tongue
F posterior: draw tongue forward, protrude tongue tip
F both: cupping tongue (pull middle down)
Term
Hyoglossus
Definition
O: hyoid greater cornu and corpus
I: lateral border (submucous tissue)
F: depress and retract tongue
Term
Styloglossus
Definition
O: styloid process (temporal bone)
I: lateral/inferior sides of tongue (inferior longitudinal muscle and hyoglossus
F: retract tongue; elevate posterior tongue
Term
Palatoglossus
Definition
Origin and insertion in soft palate and tongue
primary function: velar movement
F: aids in elevating posterior tongue
Term
Temporomandibular joint
Definition
Ginglymoarthrodial joint
hinge-like movement and some gliding
Mandibular condylar process and mandibular fossa of temporal bone
fibrocartilage covering over articulatory surfaces
articular capsule and ligaments
Term
Mastication
Definition
chewing
Term
muscles involved in chewing
Definition
open/close mandible
elevate/close: masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
depress/open: digastric, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, platysma
protrude jaw: pterygoids
Term
Masseter
Definition
mandibular sling muscle, elevator
most superficial, strongest
O: zygomatic arch
external - external arch
internal - posterior/medial arch
I: mandible - ramus and body, near angle
F: elevate mandible (close jaw), maximum force at molars
Term
Temporalis muscle
Definition
Mandibular sling muscle, elevator
O: temporal fossa (outer surface of temporal, parietal, frontal bones)
I: coronoid process and anterior ramus of mandible
F: elevates mandible; aids in retracting and lateral movements
Term
Medial Pterygoid
Definition
Mandibular sling muscle, elevator
O: Pterygoid fossa; medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid
I: medial surface of ramus of mandible
F: elevates mandible; assists with protruding mandible
Term
Digastric
Definition
depressor
O anterior: inner surface of mandible near symphysis
I anterior: intermediate tendon attached to hyoid
F anterior: elevate hyoid and pull anteriorly, also can depress mandible
O posterior: mastoid process of temporal bone
I posterior: intermediate tendon attached to hyoid
F posterior: retract and elevate hyoid, also can retract and depress mandible
Term
Lateral Pterygoid
Definition
depressor
O: lateral pterygoid plate, also greater wing of sphenoid
I: mandible - lower inner margin of caondyloid process (pterygoid focea)
F: protrudes and depresses mandible, assists with grinding action
Term
Mylohyoid
Definition
O: inner surface of corpus of mandible
I: corpus of hyoid, medial fibers converge on median fibrous raphe
F: form floor of mouth; elevate hyoid, pull forward, also can depress mandible
Term
Geniohyoid
Definition
O: inner surface of mandible and symphysis, superior to mylohyoid
I: corpus of hyoid bone
F: elevate hyoid, also can depress mandible
Term
Facial muscles (list)
Definition
lips, orbicularis oris, risorius, buccinatory, levator labii superior, levator labii superior alaeque nasi, zygomatic minor, zygomatic major, depressor labii inferior, levator anguli oris, depressor anguli oris, mentalis msucle, platysma
Term
lips
Definition
msucle and mucous membrane, highly vascular
cupids bow border of upper lip
Philtrum, philtral column: ridge between now and lip
Term
Orbicularis oris
Definition
circular muscle, sphincter muscle, fibers circle the mouth opening
F: constrict oral opening, attachment site for other muscles
Term
Risorius
Definition
O: fascia of master muscle on posterolateral face
I: orbicularis oris; corners of mouth
F: retracts lips at angle, corner
Term
Buccinatory
Definition
bugler's muscle
O: pterygomandibular ligament
alveolar portion of mandible/maxilla, some fibers blend with pharyngeal muscles
I: orbicularis oris
F: retract lips - compress lips/cheeks against teeth
Mastication - move food onto teeth for chewing
constricts oropharynx
Term
Levator labii superior
Definition
O: infraorbital margin of maxilla and zygomatic bone
I: mid-lateral region of upper lip
F: elevate upper lip
Term
Levator labii superior alaeque nasi
Definition
O: frontal process of maxilla
I: mid-lateral region of upper lip and lateral nasal cartilage
F: elevate upper lip
Term
Zygomatic major
Definition
O: zygomatic bone, lateral to zygomatic minor
I: corner of orbicularis oris
F: elevate and retract corner of mouth (smile)
Term
Zygomatic minor
Definition
O: zygomatic bone
I: mid=lateral region of upper lip
F: elevate upper lip
Term
depressor labii inferior
Definition
O: anterolateral mandible (oblique line) near mental foramen
I: orbicularis oris lower lip
F: pull lip down and out
Term
Levator anguli oris
Definition
O: maxilla near canine fossa
I: corner of upper and lower lips
F: pulls corner of mouth up and medially, assists with closing mouth (pulls upward on lower lips)
Term
Depressor anguli oris
Definition
O: anterolateral mandible (oblique line)
I: lateral orbicularis oris, corner of upper lip
F: depress corners of mouth (creates frown), compress upper and lower lips
Term
Mentalis muscle
Definition
O: mandible near incisive fossa
I: skin covering chin
F: elevates/wrinkles chin; pulls out lower lips (pout)
Term
Platysma
Definition
neck muscle, but depresses mandible also
O: fascia overlying lower neck and superior lateral chest (pectoralis and deltoid muscles)
I: corner of mouth, region below mental symphysis, lower margin of mandible
F: depression of skin of lower face and mouth; depression of mandible
Term
Lip elevation
Definition
levator labii, zygomatic minor
Term
lip elevation and retraction
Definition
zygomatic major
Term
lip retraction
Definition
risorious and buccinators
Term
lip depression
Definition
depressor labii, depressor anguli oris
Term
lip pursing
Definition
orbicularis oris
Term
Pharyngeal cavity
Definition
pharynx, runs from posterior nasal cavity to larynx
lateral/posterior walls created by pharyngeal muscles
opens into nasal cavity via velum (velopharyngeal port, open for nasals, closed for other speech sounds, open for quiet breathing)
opens into larynx via vocal folds
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
above soft palate
Eustachian tube on laterl (opening to middle ear)
Torus tubarius: cartilaginous ridge around e-tube
Sapingopharyngeal fold
Pharyngeal tongils (adenoids), may help closure of velopharyngeal port
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
posterior to oral cavity
behind faucial arches, below velum, above hyoid bone
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
from hyoid bone to esophagus (posterior to larynx)
Term
PHaryngeal aponeurosis
Definition
"sleeve" of upper pharynx
pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone; temporal bone, medial pterygoid plate, Eustachian tube
Term
Median pharyngeal raphe
Definition
midline of aponeurosis
tendon running down posterior midline, attachment for muscles
Term
pharyngeal muscles - constrictor muscles
Definition
squeeze tube to move food down to escophagus
superior, medial, inferior
Term
superior pharyngeal constrictor
Definition
O: pterygomandibular raphe - medial pterygoid plate (sphenoid bone)
I: medial pharyngeal raphe
F: pulls posterior wall anteriorly, forms side/back wall of nasopharynx, back wall of oropharynx
Passavant's pad: uppermost fibers, point of contact with soft palate
Term
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Definition
O: greater and lesser horns of hyoid
I: medial pharyngeal raphe
F: constricts middle pharynx
with inferior constrictor = peristaltic movement of food, constrict in sequence to push food down to esophagus
Term
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor - Thyropharngeus
Definition
O: thyroid lamina
I: median pharyngeal raphe
F: constricts lower pharynx
Term
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor - Cricopharngeus
Definition
O: lateral circoid cartilage; inferior cornu of thryoid
I: opening of esophagus
F: constricts superior opening of esophagus
Term
Pharyngeal muscles - Sapingopharyngeus
Definition
O: lower margin of Eustachian tube
I: joins palatopharyngeus
F: elevate and constrict lateral pharynx, creates salpingopharngeal fold (lateral nasopharynx)
Term
Pharyngeal muscles - Stylopharyngeus
Definition
O: styloid process
I: blends into mid/sup constrictor muscles, merges with palatopharyngeus msucle
F: elevate and dilate pharynx
Term
Summary of muscles of face and mouth
Definition
Velum: closure for swallowing, speech
Tongue: speech, mastication, deglutition (instrinsic and extrinsic)
Jaw: mastication, minimal for speech
Pharyngeal constriction for swallowing, minimal for speech
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