Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports urine toward the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporarily stores urine prior to elimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conducts urine to exterior
in males: transport semen as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Distal convoluted tubles
Renal corpuscle
Loop of Henle (Nephron loop_ |
|
|
Term
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule |
|
Definition
| reabsorption of water, ions and all organic nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secretion of ions, acid, drugs, toxins
variable reabsorption of water, sodium ions, and calcium ions (under hormonal control) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| further reabsorption of water (descending limb) and both sodium and chloride ions (ascending limb) |
|
|
Term
| Collection System Includes |
|
Definition
Collecting duct
Papillary duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variable reabsorption of water and reabsorption or secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen and bicarbonate ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delivery of urine to minor calyx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filtration Reabsorption Secretion Excretion |
|
|
Term
| Bowman Capsule Volume of Fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Average urine produced per day after end of collecting duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure |
|
Definition
GHP
blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries. This pressure tends to push water and solute out of the plasma and into the filtrate.
Averages ~50 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| efferent arteriole is _________ in diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure |
|
Definition
BCOP
tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma
opposing filtration
Averages ~ 25 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NFP
net pressure acting across the glomerular capillaries
Represents the sum of the hydrostatic pressures and the colloid osmotic pressures
~10 mm Hg
This pressure forces water and dissolved materials out of the glomerular capillaries and into capsular space |
|
|
Term
| Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure |
|
Definition
opposses GHP, CsHP, which tends to push water and solutes OUT of the filtrate and INTO the plasma
Resulting from resistance of filtrate already present in the nephron --> renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| Capsular Colloid Osmotic Pressure |
|
Definition
| usually 0 because few, if any, plasma proteins enter the capsular space |
|
|
Term
| Autoregulation of Filtration |
|
Definition
rate takes place over a wide range of blood pressures
Maintains constant GFR when mean arterial blood pressure is between 80 and 180 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Myogenic Response
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
Hormones and autonomic neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to autoregulation in other systemic arterioles |
|
|
Term
| Tubuloglomerular Feedback |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones and autonomic neurons |
|
Definition
by changing resistance in arterioles
by altering the filtration coefficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resistance changes in renal arterioles after renal blood flow and GFR |
|
|
Term
| Tuboglomerular Feedback Steps |
|
Definition
GFR increase ->
Flow thr tubule increase ->
flow past macula dena increase ->
Paracrine from macula densa to afferent arteriole ->
Afferent arteriole constricts ->Resistance in afferent arteriole increases ->
Hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus decreases ->
GFR decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principles governing the tubular reabsorption of solutes and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transepithelial
Paracellular |
|
|
Term
| Transepithelial Transport |
|
Definition
| substances cross both apical and basolateral membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance pass through the junction between the two adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Na+ is reabsorbed by active transport
Electrochemical gradient drives anion reabsorption
Water moves by osmosis, following solute reabsorption
Concentrations of other solutes increases as fluid volume in lumen decreases. Permeable solutes are reabsorbed by
diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transfer of molecules from extracellular fluid into lumen of nephron
important in homeostatic regulation
increasing secretion enhances nephron excretion
Competitive process |
|
|
Term
| transfer of molecules from extracellular fluid into lumen of nephron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important in homeostatic regulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| penicillin and probenecid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| =filtration - reabsorption + secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rate at which a solute disappears from the body by excretion or by metabolism
Non-invasive way to measure GFR
Insulin and creatinine used to measure GFR |
|
|
Term
| When does saturation occur? |
|
Definition
| when transport maximum = renal threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma concentration at which saturation occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reabsorption
Plasma Proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transport Maximum and the Renal Threshold |
|
Definition
If nutrient concentrations rise in tubular fluid
Reabsorption rates increase until carrier proteins are saturated |
|
|
Term
| Concentration higher than transport maximum |
|
Definition
Exceeds Reabsorptive abilities of nephron
Some material will remain in the tubular fluid and appear in the urine
Determines renal threshold |
|
|
Term
| _______ propels mucous across epithelial surfaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Five functions of Respiratory System |
|
Definition
Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood
Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment
Produces sounds |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory is divided into? |
|
Definition
Upper respiratory system
lower respiratory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory tract into 2 portions? |
|
Definition
conducting portion
respiratory portion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| Conducting Portion Epithelium |
|
Definition
Pseudostratified
Stratified
Cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| Pseudostratified Ciliated Colunar Epithelium |
|
Definition
has numerous mucous cells
Nasal cavity and superior portion of the pharynx
superior portion of the lower respiratory system |
|
|
Term
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
|
Definition
| inferior portions of the pharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
w/ scattered cilia
smaller bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
air-filled pockets in the lungs
where all gas exchange takes place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very delicate, simple squamous epithelium
contains scattered and specialized cells
lines exchange surfaces of alveoli
Alveoli walls must be very thing (<1um)
surface area must be very great (about 35 times the surface area of the body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
underlying layer of areolar tissue that support the respiratory epithelium
located in the upper respiratory system, trachea, and bronchi
and
Conducting portion of lower respiratory system |
|
|
Term
| Lamina Propria in the upper respiratory system |
|
Definition
| contains mucous glands that secrete onto epithelial surface |
|
|
Term
| Lamina Propria in the lower respiratory system |
|
Definition
| contains smooth muscle cells that encircle lumen of bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lines the conducting portion of respiratory system
consists of
epithelial layer
areolar layer (lamina propria) |
|
|
Term
| respiratory defense system |
|
Definition
consists of series of filtration mechanisms
removes particles and pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Components of the respiratory defense system |
|
Definition
mucous cells and mucous glands
cilia
filtration in nasal cavity that removes large particles
alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs |
|
|
Term
| Mucous cells and mucous glands |
|
Definition
| produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
air enters the respiratory system through nostrils (external nares**)
into nasal vestibule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in nasal vestibule
the first particle filtration system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides nasal cavity into left and right |
|
|
Term
| Superior portion of nasal cavity |
|
Definition
olfactory region
provides sense of smell
mucous secretions from paranasal sinus and tears
clean and moisten the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms floor of nasal cavity
separates nasal and oral cavities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extends posterior to hard palate
divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chamber shared by digestive and respiratory system
extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
superior portion of pharynx
contains pharyngeal tonsils and opening to left and right auditory tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
middle portion of pharynx
communicates with oral cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
interior portion of pharynx
extends from hyoid bone to entrance of larynx and esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from vestibule to internal nares
through superior, middle & inferior meatuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
constricted passageways that produce air turbulence
warm and humidify incoming air
trap particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
warms and humidifies inhaled air for arrival at lower respiratory organs
breathing through mouth bypasses this important step |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cartilaginous structure that surrounds the glottis
narrow opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
air passing through glottis
vibrates vocal folds which produces sound waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tension on vocal folds
voluntary muscles |
|
|
Term
| Vocal folds involved with sound are known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vocal folds involved with sound are known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| position arytenoid cartilage relative to thyroid cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound production at the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modification of sound by other structures |
|
|
Term
| One __________ bronchus forms about _____ terminal bronchioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have NO cartilage
dominated by smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
delivers air to single pulmonary lobule
branches to form several respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplied by pulmonary arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where has exchange takes place |
|
|
Term
| respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along _______ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alveolar ducts end @ ________ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common chambers connected to many individual alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Each alveolus has an extensive ___________ of ___________ which is surrounded by _________ __________ |
|
Definition
network
capillaries
elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic Control of Bronchioles |
|
Definition
regulares smooth muscle
controls diameter of bronchioles
controls airflow and resistance in lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dilation of bronchial airways
caused by sympathetic ANS activation
reduces resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
constricts bronchi
caused by:
Parasym ANS activation
Histamine release |
|
|
Term
| Histamine release caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produces surfactant which lines the alveoli and reduces the surface tension by disrupting the forces between liquid molecules in alveoli surfactant causes alveoli to expand easily
septal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction
stimulation severely restricts airflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of simple squamous epithelium
contains thin delicate pneumocyte type I
patrolled by alveolar macrophages
Contains pneumocyte type II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oil secretion
contains:
phospholipids & proteins
coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension |
|
|
Term
| respiratory distress syndrome |
|
Definition
difficult respiratory
due to alveolar collapse
caused by pneumocyte type II, that do not produce enough surfactant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin membrane of alveoli where gas exchange takes place |
|
|
Term
| 3 Layers of respiratory membrane |
|
Definition
squamous epithelial cells lining alveolus
endothelial cells lining adjacent capillary
fused basement membrane between alveolar and endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion across respiratory membrane is very rapid |
|
Definition
because distance is short
O2 and CO2 are lipid soluble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka pneumonia
causes fluid to leak into alveoli
compromises function of respiratory membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breathing + gas diffusion across respiratory membrane
exchange of gas between blood and alveoli (environment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exchange of gas between blood and individual cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase Volume = Pressure Decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
physical movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract
provides alveolar ventilation
causes volume changes that create changes in pressure
volume of thoracic cavity changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weight of air
several important physiological effects |
|
|
Term
| Air flows from area of _________ pressure to area of _______ pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicator of expandability |
|
|
Term
| _____ compliance requires _______ force |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ compliance requires _______ force |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect compliance |
|
Definition
Connective tissues structure of lungs
level of surfactant production
mobility of thoracic cage |
|
|
Term
| Normal atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relative to atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pressure between parietal and visceral pleura
averages -4mm Hg and max of -18 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows air into pleural cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collapsed lung
result of pneumothorax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cyclical changes in intrapleural pressure operate the respiratory pump
airs in venous return to heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air moved in and out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contraction draws air into lungs
75% of normal air movement |
|
|
Term
| External intercostal muscles |
|
Definition
assist inhalation
25% of normal air movement |
|
|
Term
| _______ _________ assist in elevating rubs we use them during a or respiratory distress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscles used in exhalation |
|
Definition
internal inter coastal and tranversus thoracis muscles
abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| Abdominal Muscles Exhalation |
|
Definition
| compress the abdomen which forces diaphragm upward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase volume = Decrease pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in volume = increase in pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
eupnea
involves active inhalation and passive exhalation
Inhalation 2 secs
Exhalation 3 secs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes passive exhalation
when inhalation muscles relax
elastic components of muscles and lungs recoil
Returning lungs and alveoli to original position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deep breathing
dominated by diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shallow breathing
dominated by rib cage movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyperpnea
involves active inhalation and exhalation
assisted by accessory muscles
maximum levels occur in exhaustion |
|
|
Term
| Volume of air remaining conducting passages is anatomic ____ _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functional Residual Capacity |
|
Definition
FRC
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vital capacity + residual volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures rates and volumes of air movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume inspired or expired with each normal breath |
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Voume |
|
Definition
| volume that can be inspired over tidal volume |
|
|
Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume |
|
Definition
ERV
volume of air that can be expired after normal expiration (after tidal volume) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RV
volume of air which remains in lungs after maximal expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tidal volume x respiratory rate (minute) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of conducting airways (150 mL) and is not exchanged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
volume of lung that does not participate in gas exchange
in normal lung is equal to anatomic dead space
in abnormal conditions can increase due to ventilation=perfusion defect |
|
|
Term
| ________ occurs in response to concentration gradients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate of diffusion depends on ______ ________ |
|
Definition
physical principles
aka gas laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nitrogen (N2) = 78.6%
Oxygen = 20.9%
Water vapor= 0.5%
Carbon dioxide= 0.04% |
|
|
Term
| Dalton Law and Partial Pressures |
|
Definition
atmospheric pressure produced by air molecules bumping into each other
each gas contributes to total pressure
in proportion to its number of molecules (dalton law)
partial pressure* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the pressure contributed by each gas in the atmosphere
all partial pressure together add up to 760 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| Solubility of Body Fluids |
|
Definition
CO2 is VERY soluble
O2 is less soluble
N2 is LOW solubility |
|
|
Term
| Partial Pressures in pulmonary vein plasma |
|
Definition
CO2= 40 mm Hg
O2= 100 mm Hg
N2= 573 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| Blood arriving in pulmonary arteries has ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concentration Gradient Causes |
|
Definition
O2 to enter blood
Co2 to leave blood |
|
|
Term
| ________ exchange allows blood and ________ air to reach __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when gas under pressure comes in contact with a liquid, gas dissolves in liquid until equilibrium is reached |
|
|
Term
| Partial Pressures in the Systemic Circuit |
|
Definition
oxygenated blood mixes with deoxygenated blood from conducting passageways
lowers the Po2 of blood entering systemic circuit (drops to 95 mm Hg) |
|
|
Term
Partial Pressures in the Systemic Circuit
Interstitial Fluid |
|
Definition
Po2 = 40 mm Hg
Pco2= 45 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| Concentration gradient in peripheral capillaries is opposite of lungs |
|
Definition
CO2 diffuses into blood
O2 diffuses out of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood "plasma" cannot transport enough O2 or CO2 to meet physiological needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transport O2 to and CO2 from peripheral tissues
Remove O2 and CO2 from plasma allowing gases to diffuse into blood |
|
|
Term
| ___ binds to ____ ions in hemoglobin molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| O2 binds to iron ions in hemoglobin molecules |
|
Definition
in a reversible reaction
new molecules is called oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) |
|
|
Term
| Each RBC has about ____ million Hb molecule |
|
Definition
280
each binds four oxygen molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percentage of heme units in a hemoglobin molecule that contain bound oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Environmental Factors affecting hemoglobin |
|
Definition
Po2 of blood
Blood pH
Temperature
Metabolic activity within RBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~90 saturation of Hb
fetal hemoglobin is 95% saturated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has high affinity to bind with O2
cause fetal red blood cells steal oxygen from mothers red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| When the ___ drops below normal levels, _____ ________ is released |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when temperature rises, more oxygen is released
Oxy-Hemoglobin saturation curve shifts to the right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygen Hemoglobin Saturation Curve |
|
Definition
graph relating the saturation of hemoglobin to partial pressure of oxygen
higher Po2 results in greater Hb saturation
curve rather than a straight because Hb changes shape each time a molecule of O2 is bound
each O2 bound makes next O2 binding easier
allows Hb to bind O2 when O2 levels are low |
|
|
Term
| Standardization for normal blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When pH drops or temp rises? |
|
Definition
more oxygen is released
curve shifts to the right |
|
|
Term
| When pH rises or temp drops? |
|
Definition
Less oxygen is released
curve shifts to the left |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CO from burning fuels
occupy the place of O2
can result in poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
result of pH on hemoglobin-saturation curve
caused by CO2
CO2 diffues into RBC
An enzyme catalyzes reaction with H2O
Produces carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Dissociated into the Hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion
Hydrogen ions diffuce out of RBC thus lowering pH |
|
|
Term
| When enzyme in Bohr effect catalyzes reaction with H2O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin releases more oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin holds oxygen more tightly |
|
|
Term
| Temperature effects are significant only in _____ tissues that are generating ______ amounts of heat |
|
Definition
active
large
ex. skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(BPG)
RBC generate ATP by glycolysis
forming lactic acid and BPG
BPG directly affects O2 binding and release
More BPG, more oxygen released |
|
|
Term
| RBC generate ATP by ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when pH increases
when stimulated by certain hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin will not release oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structure differens from adult Hb
at same Po2
Fetal Hb binds more O2 than adult Hb
Allows fetus to take O2 from maternal blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generated as a by-produce of aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration) |
|
|
Term
| CO2 in the bloodstream can be carried 3 ways? |
|
Definition
Converted to carbonic acid
Bound to hemoglobin
Dissolve in plasma |
|
|
Term
| Converted to carbonic acid |
|
Definition
70% transported as carbonic acid
dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate
Hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin
Bicarbonate ions
move into plasma by an exchange mechanism that takesin Cl- ions with using ATP |
|
|
Term
| What mechanism moves biocarbonate into plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bound to hemoglobin with RBC |
|
Definition
23% is bound to amino groups of globular proteins in Hb molecule
forming carbaminohemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 7% is transported as CO2 dissolved in plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Co2 diffuses into the bloodstream
7% remains dissolve in plasma |
|
|
Term
Peripheral and Alveolar Capillaries
Control of Respiration
Maintain balance during gas diffusion |
|
Definition
changes in blood flow and oxygen delivery
changes in depth and rate of respiration |
|
|
Term
| Local Regulation of Gas transport and Alveolar Function |
|
Definition
rising Pco2 levels
coordination of lung perfusion and alveolar ventilation
Pco2 levels |
|
|
Term
Local Regulation of Gas transport and Alveolar Function
Rising Pco2 Levels |
|
Definition
relax smooth muscle in arterioles and capillaries
increased blood flow |
|
|
Term
Local Regulation of Gas transport and Alveolar Function
coordination of lung perfusion and alveolar ventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Local Regulation of Gas transport and Alveolar Function
Pco2 Levels |
|
Definition
| control brconhocontriction and bronchodilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cardiac output and respiratory rate increase under neural control
have both voluntary and involuntary components |
|
|
Term
| Voluntary Centers in the cerebral cortex affect |
|
Definition
respiratory centers of pons and medullar oblongata
motor neurons that control respiratory muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 pairs of nuclei in the reticular formation of medulla oblongata and pons
Regulate respiratory muscles
In response to sensory information via respiratory reflexes |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory Center of The Medulla Oblongata |
|
Definition
set the pace of respiration
can be divided into two groups |
|
|
Term
Respiratory Center of Medulla Oblongata
can be divided into two groups |
|
Definition
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
Vental Respiratory Group (VRG) |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) |
|
Definition
inspiratory center
functions in quiet and forced breathing |
|
|
Term
| Vental Respiratory Group (VRG) |
|
Definition
inspiratory and expiratory center
functions only in forced breathing |
|
|
Term
| Control of Quiet Breathing |
|
Definition
Brief activity in the DRG
Stimulates inspiratory muscles
DRG neurons become inactive
allowing passive exhalation |
|
|
Term
| Control of forced breathing |
|
Definition
increased activity in DRG
stimulated VRG
which activates accessory inspiration muscles |
|
|
Term
| Control of forced breathing after inhalation |
|
Definition
| expiratory center neurons stimulated active exhalation |
|
|
Term
| Apneustic and Pneumotaxic Center of the Pons |
|
Definition
paired nuclei that adjust output of respiratory rhythmicity center
regulating respiratory rate an depth of respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides continuous stimulation to its DRG center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibit the apneustic center
promote passive or active exhalation |
|
|
Term
| Interactions between VRG and DRG |
|
Definition
| establish pace and depth of respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
|
Definition
SIDS
disrupts normal respiratory reflex pattern
may result from connection problems between pacemaker complex and respiratory centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Stretch
Irritation Receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensitive to Pco2, Po2 or pH of blood or CSF
strongly influenced by input from:
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Vagus Nerve
Central chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in aortic or carotid sinuses are sensitive to changes in blood pressure
when blood pressure falls: respiration increases
blood pressure increases:respiration decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to changes in lung volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from carotid bodies
stimulated by changes in blood pH or Po2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from aortic bodies
stimulated by changes in blood pH of P02 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monitor CSF
are on ventrolateral surfaces of medulla oblongata
respond to Pco2 and pH of CSF |
|
|
Term
| Chemoreceptor Stimulation |
|
Definition
leads to increased depth and rate of respiration
is subject to adaptation
decreased sensitivity due to chronic stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Rise in Pco2 __________ chemorecptors that _________ breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ________ in arterial Pco2 _______ these chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
period of suspended respiration
normally followed by explosive exhalation to clear airways
sneezing and coughing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
temporarily closes airways (by laryngeal muscle contraction)
to prevent foreign substances from entering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase in arterial Pco2
stimulates chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata
to restore homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| ________________ is a common cause of hypercapnia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excessive ventilation
results in abnormally low Pco2 (hypocapnia)
stimulates chemoreceptors to decrease respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What volume of filtrate is actually excreted to urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of organic wastes from body fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discharge of waste produces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of blood plasma volume and solute concentration |
|
|
Term
| Homeostatic Function of Urinary System |
|
Definition
regulates blood volume and blood pressure
regulates plasma ion concentrations
helps stabilize blood pH
conserves valuable nutrients
assists liver |
|
|
Term
| Regulated blood volume and blood pressure |
|
Definition
by adjusting volume of water lost in urine
releasing erythorpoietin and renin |
|
|
Term
| Regulates plasma ion concentrations |
|
Definition
sodium, potassium, and chloride ions (by controlling quantities lost in urine)
Calcium ion levels (through synthesis of calcitriol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine |
|
|
Term
| Conserves valuable nutrients |
|
Definition
| by preventing excretion while excreting organic waste products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to the kidney |
|
Definition
Receive 20-25% of total cardiac output
1200mL blood flows through kidney each minute |
|
|
Term
Blood supply to the kidney
Pathway |
|
Definition
| renal artery -> Segmental Arteries ->interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries ->afferent arterioles -> glomerulus -> efferent arterioles -> peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deliver blood to capillaries supplying individual nephrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of 50 intertwining capillaries which receive blood via afferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
| Blood leaves in the ________ __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood leaves in the ________ __________ and then flows into ________ _________ |
|
Definition
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Blood leaves in the efferent arterioles and then flows into peritubular capillaries, then: |
|
Definition
drain into small venules
and return to venous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
innervate kidneys and ureters
follow tributaries of renal arteries to individual nephrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adjusts rate of urine formation
stimulates release of renin |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic Innervation
Adjusts the rate of urine formation |
|
Definition
| by changing blood flow and blood pressure at nephron |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic Innervation
stimulates release of renin |
|
Definition
which restricts losses of water and salt in urine
by stimulating reabsorption at nephron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microscopic, tubular function structures of each renal lobe
where urine production beings
consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spherical structure consisting of
glomerular (Bowman) capsule
capillary network |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
renal corpuscle
also blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forces water and dissolves solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space
produces protein-free solution (filtrate) similar to blood plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long tubular passageway
begins at renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| 3 Functions of Renal Tubules |
|
Definition
Reabsorb useful organic nutrients that enter filtrate
Reabsorb more than 90% of water in filtrate
Secrete waste product that failed to enter renal corpuscle through filtration at glomerulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located in Cortex:
Proximal CT
Distal CT
Separated by nephron loop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| U shaped tube which extends into medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
traveling along tubule, filtrate (tubular fluid) gradually changes composition
changes vary with activities in each segment of nephron |
|
|
Term
| Each nephron. Empties.... |
|
Definition
into the collecting system
a series of tubes that carrie tubular fluid away from nephron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
receive fluid from many nephrons
each collecting duct beings in cortex
descends into medulla
carries fluid to papillary duct that drains into minor calyx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer wall is line by simple squamous capsular epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
narrow gaps between adjacent Bowman's capsule epithelial cells
materials passing out of blood at glomerulus
must be small enough to pass between filtration slits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are fenestrated capillaries
endothelium contains large-diameter pores |
|
|
Term
| Control of Glomerular Blood Flow |
|
Definition
special supporting cells
between adjacent capillaries
control diameter and rate of capillary blood flow |
|
|
Term
special supporting cells
also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood pressure
forces water and small solutes across membranes into capsular space
Large solutes, such as plasma protein can't be filtered |
|
|
Term
| Filtration at Renal Corpuscle |
|
Definition
pass
solutes enter capsular space
Metabolic wastes and excess ions
Glucose, free fatty acids, amino acids and vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| useful materials are recaptured before filtrate leaves kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Where does reabsorption occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absorb organix nutrients, ions, water, and plasma proteins from tubular fluid
Release them into peritubular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interstitial fluid around renal tubule |
|
|
Term
| Goal of Urine Production? |
|
Definition
maintain homeostasis
regulating volume and composition of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
concentrated urine
1200-1400 mOsm/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
concentration filtrate by glomerular filtration
failure leads to fatal dehydration
absorbs and retains valuable materials for use by other tissues
(sugars and amino acids) |
|
|
Term
| Basic Process of Urine Formation |
|
Definition
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion |
|
|
Term
| Where does filtration occur? |
|
Definition
across capillary walls
as water and dissolved materials are pushed into interstitial fluids |
|
|
Term
Carrier-Mediated Transport
Types |
|
Definition
Facilitated diffusion
active transport
cotransport
countertransport |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Carrier-Mediated Transport |
|
Definition
specific substrate binds to carrier protein that facilitates movement across membrane
given carrier protein usually works in one direction only
distribution of carrier proteins varies among portions of cell surface
membrane of single tubular cell contains many types of carrier proteins
Carrier proteins, like enzymes, can be saturated |
|
|
Term
| If nutrient concentration rise in tubular fluid? |
|
Definition
| reabsorption rates increase until carrier proteins are saturated |
|
|
Term
| Concentration higher than transport maximum |
|
Definition
| exceeds re absorptive abilities of nephron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when specific compound begins to appear in urine |
|
|
Term
| Renal Threshold for glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When glucose appears in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
threshold for amino acids lower than glucose (65 mg/dL)
they show up in urine
after protein rich meal |
|
|
Term
| Body fluid osmotic concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unit for ion concentration |
|
Definition
mEq/L
milliequivalents per liter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
85% of all nephrons
located within superficial cortex of kidney
nephron loop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15% of nephrons
nephron loops extend deep into medulla and as deep section of medullar has high Oncotic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes reabsorption of more water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have pores 60-100 nm diameter
prevent passage of blood cells
allow diffusion of solutes (including plasma proteins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more selective
allows diffusion of only: small plasma proteins, nutrients and ion |
|
|
Term
| Glomeruli generates _______ liter of _______ per day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much is reabsorbed in rental tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference between hydrostatic and capsular pressure |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure |
|
Definition
push water and solute molecules
out of plasma and into filtrate |
|
|
Term
| Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure |
|
Definition
opposed glomerular hydrostatic pressure
pushes water and solutes
out of filtrate and into plasma
result from resistance to flow along nephron and conducting system
averages about 15 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| osmotic pressure resulting from presence of suspended proteins |
|
|
Term
| Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure |
|
Definition
tends to draw water out of filtrate and into plasma
opposes filtration
averages 25 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular Filtration Rate |
|
Definition
amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute
avg 125 mL/min
~10% delivered to kidneys
leaves bloodstream
enters capsular spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endocrine structure that secretes
hormone erythropoietin
Enzyme renin |
|
|
Term
| Juxtaglomerular Complex formed by |
|
Definition
Macula dena
Juxtaglomerular Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epithelial cells of DCT, near renal corpuscle
tall cells with densly clustered nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle fibers in wall of afferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Autoregulation (local)
Hormonal Regulation (initiated by kidneys)
Autonomic Regulation (by sympathetic ANS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintains GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow
reduced blood flow or glomerula blood pressure triggers
dilation of afferent arteriole and constriction of efferent arterioles
Rise in renal blood pressure
constricts afferent arterioles and constriction of efferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autoregulation Constriction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Regulation of GFR |
|
Definition
by hormones of renin-angiotensin system
natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) |
|
|
Term
| 3 Stimuli Cause Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC) |
|
Definition
decline in blood pressure at glomerulus due to decrease in blood volume, fall in systemic pressures, or blockage in renal artery or tributaries
stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells by sympathetic innervation
Decline in osmotic concentration of tubular fluid at macula densa |
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin II Activation constricts _________ arterioles of nephron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Constriction of efferent arterioles of nephron causes |
|
Definition
| elevating glomerular pressurs and filtration rates |
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin II Activation |
|
Definition
Stimulates secretion of aldosterone by adrenal cortex which causes stimulates reabsorption of sodium ions and water at PCT
stimulates thirst
triggers ADH
Increase sympathetic motor tone
causes brief, powerful vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin II Activation Triggers release of ADH |
|
Definition
| stimulates reabsorption of water in distal portion of DCT and collecting system |
|
|
Term
Angiotensin II Activation
increases sympathetic motor tone |
|
Definition
mobilzing the venous reserve
increasing cardiac output
stimulating peripheral vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
Angiotensin II Activation
Cause brief, powerful vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
| of arterioles and precapillary sphincter which increase arterial pressures throughout the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| powerful vasoconstrictor increases blood pressures throughout the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accelerates sodium reabsorption in DCT and cortical portoin of collecting system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases blood flow to kidney -> increases GFR |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Regulation of GFR |
|
Definition
increased blood volume
automatically increase GFR
to promote fluid loss
hormonal factos further increase GFR
accelerating fluid loss in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
released by heart in response to stretching walldue to increased blood volume or pressure
trigger dilation of afferent arterioles and constriction of efferent arterioles
elevate glomerular pressures and increase GFR
Atrial Natiuretic peptide
brain Natiuretic peptide |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic Regulation of GFR |
|
Definition
consist of sympathetic postganglionic fibers
sympathetic activation |
|
|
Term
| Sympathtetic Activation of Autonomic Regulation of GFR |
|
Definition
constricts afferent arterioles
decreases GFR
slows filtrate production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recovers useful materials from filtrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ejects waste products, toxins, and other undesirable solutes |
|
|
Term
| Where does reabsorption and secretion occur? |
|
Definition
| every segment except renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| Reabsorption & Secretion at PCT |
|
Definition
PCT cell reabsorb 60-70% of filtrate produced in renal corpuscle
reabsorbed materials enter peritubular fluid
diffused into peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diffusion through leak channels
sodium-linked cotransport of organic solutes
countertransport for hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
| Reabsorption & Secretion at Loop |
|
Definition
nephron loop reabsorbs about 1/2 water and 2/3 sodium and chloride ions remaining in tubular fluid
(by way of countercurrent exchange) |
|
|
Term
| Fluid in descending limb flows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluid in ascending limb flows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refers to effect of exchange
increases as movement of fluid continues |
|
|
Term
| benefits of countercurrent multiplication |
|
Definition
Efficiently reabsorbs solutes and water
establishes concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IS permeable to water
impermeable to solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IMPERMEABLE to water and solutes
2/3 of Na+ and Cl- are pumped out of tubular fluid into peritubular fluid of medulla before reach DCT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pumped into peritubular fluid by cotransport carries
removed from peritubular fluid by sodium-potassium exchange pump
diffuse back into lumen of tubule through potassium leak channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
removed from tubular fluid in ascending limb
elevate osmotic concentration of peritubular fluid around thin descending limb |
|
|
Term
| Maximum solute concentration of peritubular fluid near turn of nephron loop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pumped out of ascending limb |
|
|
Term
| How much fluid is in the tubular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of the Vasa Recta |
|
Definition
carries water and solutes out of medulla
balances soluet reabsorption and osmosis in medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3rd segment of renal tubule
initial portion passes between afferent and efferent arterioles
has a smaller diameter than PCT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
active secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins
selective reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions from tubular fluids**
selective reabsorption of water
concentrates tubular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
100 mOsm/L
1/3 concentration of peritubular fluid of renal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rate of K+ and H+ secretion rises or falls
tubular cells at their apical surface exchange Na+ in tubular fluid
Excess K+ in body fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hormone produced by the adrenal cortex
controls ion pump and channels
stimulates synthesis and incorporation of Na+ pumps and channels
reduces Na+ lost in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(low potassium level) can be dangerous
produced by prolonged aldosterone stimulation |
|
|
Term
Natriuretic Peptides (ANP and BNP)
Oppose secretion of aldosterone
its action on DCT and collecting system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitriol |
|
Definition
| increase and decrease calcium ion reabsorption at the DCT respectively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
generated by dissociation of carbonic acid by enzyme carbonic anhydrase
secretion is associated with reabsorption of sodium |
|
|
Term
| Hydrogen Ion secretion accelerates when _______ pH falls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acidifies tubular fluid and elevates blood pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develops after exhaustive muscle activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develops in stravation or diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormally high blood pH
can be caused by prolonged aldosterone stimulation
this stimulates secretion |
|
|
Term
| Individual nephron (DCT) drain into a nearby ___________ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Several collecting ducts converge into a larger __________ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary duct empties into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulating water and solute loss in the ___________ ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
collecting system
by aldosterone |
|
Definition
controls sodium ion pumps
actions are opposed by natriuretic peptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
controls permeability to water
is suppressed by natriuretic peptides |
|
|
Term
| Reabsorption in the collecting system |
|
Definition
sodium ion reabsorption
bicarbonate reabsorption
urea reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Secretion in the collecting system |
|
Definition
of hydrogen or bicarbonate ions
controls body fluid pH |
|
|
Term
| High pH in peritubular fluid |
|
Definition
collecting system
secretes bicarbonate ion
pumps H+ into peritubular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs when osmotic concentration of peritubular fluid exceeds that of tubular fluid
1-2% of water in original filtrate is recovered
during sodium ion reabsorption
in distal convoluted tubule and collecting system |
|
|
Term
| Obligatory Water Reabsorption |
|
Definition
| 85% of filtrate reabsorption which can't be prevented |
|
|
Term
| Facultative Water Reabsorption |
|
Definition
controls volume of water reabsorbed along DCT and collecting system
15% of filtrate volume (27 liter/day)
segments are relatively impermeable to water except in presence of ADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hormone insert special water channel (aquaporins) in apical cell membranes
increase rate of osmotic water movement
higher levels of ADH increase |
|
|
Term
| High levels of ADH increase |
|
Definition
number of water channel
water permeability of DCT and collecting system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continually secretes low levels of ADH
At normal ADH levels |
|
|
Term
| continually secretes low levels of ADH |
|
Definition
| DCT and collecting system are always permeable to water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collecting system reabsorbs 16.8 liters/day (9.3% of filtrate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water is not reabsorbed at collecting duct
all fluid reaching DCT is lost in urine |
|
|
Term
| Tubular Fluid Arriving at DCT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1200-1800 mL per day (0.6% of filtrate)
osmotic concentration of 800-1000 mOsm/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are drugs that promote water loss in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood volume
blood pressure
extracellular fluid volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
analysis of a urine sample
an important diagnostic tool |
|
|
Term
| _____ needed for completion of electron of ________ ________ ________ |
|
Definition
02
electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not involved in gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide passage way for air |
|
|
Term
| Function of respiratory system |
|
Definition
| supply the O2 for body and dispose Co2 |
|
|
Term
| Function of Urinary System |
|
Definition
water
electrolytes
disposes waste products (urea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Bowman capsule located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an important factor that affects pressure rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reabsorption of Na+ into vasa recta |
|
|
Term
| ______ shows you filtration GFR rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Females have no ________ _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase reabsorption of Na+ and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase reabsorption of water |
|
|
Term
| What increases release of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renin releases ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strongest vasoconstrictor in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes angiotensin (made by liver) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
block angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
ACE inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in Blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorption of ion, organic molecules, vitamins and water |
|
|
