Term
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Definition
| The formal vehicle through which policies are made and affairs of state are conducted. |
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Definition
| Member of the political community to whom certain rights and obligations are attached. |
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Definition
| The study of who gets what, when, and how-- or how policy decisions are made. |
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Definition
A form of government in which the power is vested in hereditary kings who govern in the interest of all. |
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Definition
| A form of government in which power resides in a leader who rules according to self-interest and without regard for individual rights and liberties. |
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Definition
| A form of government in which the right to participate is conditional on the possession of wealth, social status, military possession, or achievement. |
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| A system of government that gives the power to the people, whether directly of through elected representatives. |
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Definition
| An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be ruled. |
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| The belief that people are free and equal by God-given rights and this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the Declaration of Independence. |
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Definition
| A system of government in which members of the polity meet to discuess all policy decisions and then agree to abide by majority rule. |
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Definition
| A system of government that gives the citizens the opportunity to vote for representatives who will work on their behalf. |
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Definition
| A government rooted in the consent of the governed; a representative or indirect democracy. |
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Definition
| Commonly shared attitudes, beliefs, and core values about how government should operate. |
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| A key characteristic of U.S. democracy. Initially meaning freedom from governmental interference, today it includes demands for dreedom to engage in a variety of practices free from governmental interference or discrimination. |
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Definition
| The principle that all citizens are equal in the political process that is implied by the phrase "one person, one vote." |
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Definition
| The idea that governments must draw their power from the consent of the governed. |
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Definition
| The central premise of direct democracy in which only policies that collectively garner the support of a majority will be made into law. |
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Definition
| The notion that the ultimate authority in society rests with the people. |
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Definition
| A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of natures, and as such, can be understood by reason. |
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Definition
| Society created when citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in an open debate about public policy. |
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Definition
| A set or system of beliefs that shapes the thinking of the individuals and how they view the world. |
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Definition
| The coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government and individuals. |
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Definition
| One who favors free market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties. |
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Definition
| One thought to believe that a government is the best that governs least and that big government can only infinge on individual, personal, and economic rights. |
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| One who believes that traditional moral teaching should be supported and furthered by the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| One considered to favor governmental involvement in in the economy and in the provision of social services and to take an activist role in protecting the rights of women, the elderly, minorities, and the enviroment. |
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Term
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Definition
| An American ideal of a happy, successful life which often inclues wealth, a house, better life for one's children, and for some, the ability to be President. |
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Term
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Definition
| An economic theory designed to increase a nation's wealth through the development of commercial industry and a favorable balance of trade. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meeting of representatives of nine of the thirteen colonies held in New York City in 1765, during which representatives drafted a document to send to the king listing how their rights had been violated. |
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Term
| Committees of Correspondence |
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Definition
| Organizations in each of the American colonies created to keep the colonists abreast of developments with the British; served as powerful molders of public opinion against the British. |
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Term
| First Continental Congress |
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Definition
| Meeting held in Philadelphia from September 5, to October 26, 1774 in which fifty-six delegates (from every colony except Georgia) adopted a resolution in opposition to the Coercive Acts. |
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Term
| Second Continental Congress |
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Definition
| Meeting that convened in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, at which it was decided that an army should be raised and George Washinton of Virginia was named commander in chief. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of government where the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states. |
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Term
| Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
| Document drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 that proclaimed the right of the American colonies to separate from Great Britain. |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| The compact among the thirteen original states that was the basis of their government. Written in 1776, the Articles were not ratified by all the states until 1781. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 1786 rebellion in which an army of 1500 disgruntled farmers, led by Daniel Shay's, marched to Springfield Massachusets and forcibly restrained the courts from foreclosing mortgages on their farms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A document that establishes the structure, functions, and limitations of a government. |
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Definition
| The first general plan for the constitution, proposed by Madison and Randolph. Its key points were a bicameral legislature and a judiciary also named by the legislature. |
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Term
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Definition
| A framework for the constitution proposed by a group of small states; its key points were a one-house legislature with one vote per state, the establishment of Congress as the "supreme law" of the land, and a supreme judiciary with limited power. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decision made during the Constitutional Convention to give each state the same number of representatices in the Senate regardless of size, representation in the House of Representatives was based on population |
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Term
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Definition
| Agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention stipulating that each slaves was to be counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of determining the population for representation in the U.S. House of Representatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| A way of dividing power among three branches of government in which members of the House of Representatives, members of the senate, the president, and the federal courts are selected by and responsible to different constituencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A governmental structure that gives each of the three branches of government some degree of power and oversight over the others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plan of government created in the U.S. constitution in which power is divided between the national government and the state governments and in which independent states are bound together under one national government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seventeen specific powers granted to Congress under Article 1, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution; these powers include taxation, coinage of money, regulation of commerce, and the authority to provide for a national defense. |
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Term
| Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) |
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Definition
| The final paragraph of Article 1, Section 8, of the U.S. constitution which gives congress the authority to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers specified in the constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Powers derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause. These powers are not stated specifically but are considered to be reasonaly implied through the excercise of delegated powers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of Article VI of the U.S. constitution mandating that national law is supreme to (that is, supercedes) all others laws passed by the states or by any other subdivision of government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who favored a stronger national government and supported the proposed U.S. constitution; later became the first political party in the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who favored strong state governments and a weak national government; opposed the ratification of the constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of 84 political papers written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison in support of ratification of the U.S. constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| The first ten amendments in the constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| System of government where the national and state government share some powers, derive all authority from the people, and the powers of the national government are established in the constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of government where the national government derives its power from the states; a league of independent states |
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Term
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Definition
| System of government where the local and state governments derive all power from the national government. |
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Term
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Definition
| The final part of the bill of rights which defines the basic principle of federalism in stating "the powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people" |
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Term
| Reserve (or Police) powers |
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Definition
| Powers reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment that lie at the foundation of a states' right to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Authority possessed by both the state and national government that may be excercised concurrently as long as that power is not exclusively within the scope of national power of in conflict with the law. |
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Term
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Definition
| A law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| Law passed after the fact, thereby making perviously legal activity illegal and subject to current penalty; prohibited by the U.S. constitution |
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Term
| Full Faith and Credit Clause |
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Definition
| Section of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforcable in any other. |
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Term
| Privelages and Immunitites Clause |
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Definition
| Past of Article IV of the constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of Article IV that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contracts between states that carry the force of law, generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the constitution's supremacy clause. This broad interpretation of the neccesary and proper clause paved the way for later expansive rulings. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The court's broad interpretation of the constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that having seaparate and equally powerful leevels of government is the best arrangement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Authorized congress to enact a national income tax |
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Term
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Definition
| Made senators directly elected by the people, removed their selection from the state legislatures |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between the national and state governments that began during the New Deal |
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Term
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Definition
| Grant for which Congress appropriates funds for a specific purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal/state relationship proposed by the Reagan administration during the 1980's; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Broad grants with few strings attached; given to states by the federal government for specified activies, such as secondary education or health services. |
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Term
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Definition
| National laws that direct states or local governments to comply with federal rules of regulations (such as clean air or water standard) but contain little or no federal funding to offset the cost of the requirements. |
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Term
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Definition
| A concept derived from the constitution's supremacy clause that allows the national government to override or preempt state or local actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The right of a state to be free from a lawsuit unless it gives consent to the suit. Under the 11th amendment, all states are considered sovereign. |
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Term
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Definition
| A legislature divided into two houses, the U.S. Congress and the state legislatures are bicameral except Nebraska which is unicameral. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of allotting congressional seats to each state following the decennial census according to the proportion of their population |
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Term
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Definition
| The redrawing of congressional districts to reflect increases of decreases in seats allotted to the states as well as population shifts within the state. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The power delegated to the House of Representatives in the Constitution to charge the president, vice president, or other "civil officers" including federal judges with "Treason, Bribery, other high crimes and misdemeanors" This is the first step in the constitutional process oof removing government officials from office. |
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Term
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Definition
| The political party in both houses of Congress with the most seats. |
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Term
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Definition
| The political party in each house of congress with the second most seats. |
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Term
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Definition
| The only officer of the House of Representatives specifically mentioned in the constitution; elected at the beginning of each new Congress by the entire House; traditionally a member of the majority party. |
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Term
| Party Caucus of Conference |
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Definition
| A formal gathering of all party members |
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Term
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Definition
| The elected leader of the party controlling most seats in the House of Representatives or the Senate; is second in authority to the speaker of the house and in the seante is regarded as the most powerful member. |
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Term
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Definition
| The elected leader of the party with the second most number of elected member in the House of Representatives or the Senate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Key representative who keeps close contact with all members and takes nose counts on key votes, prepares summaries of bills, and in general acts as communications link within the party. |
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Term
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Definition
| The official chair of the senate; usually the most senior member of the majority party. |
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Term
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Definition
| Committee to which proposed bills are referred. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes members of both houses of Congress; conducts investigations or special studies |
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Term
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Definition
| Joint committees created to iron out diffferences between Senate and House versions of specific legislation |
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Term
| Select (or Special) Committees |
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Definition
| Temporary Committees appointed for specific purposes such as conducting a specific investigation or study. |
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Term
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Definition
| Petition that gives the majority of the House of Representatives the authority to brin an issue to the floor in the face of committee inaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Legislatioon that allows representatives to bring home the bacon to their districts in the form of public works programs, military bases, or other programs designed to benefit their district directly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Funds that an appropriation bill designates for a particular purpose within a state or congressional district. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time of continuous service on a committee. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fact that being in office helps a person stay in office because of a variety of benefits that go with the position |
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Term
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Definition
| Role played by electoral representatives who listen to constituents opinions and then use their best judgement to make the final decision |
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Term
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Definition
| Role played by elected representatives who vote the way their constituents would want regardless of their own opinions |
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Term
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Definition
| Role played by representatives who act as trustees or as delegates, depending on the issue. |
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Term
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Definition
| The political condition in which different political parties control Congress and the White House. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vote trading, voting yea to support a colleague's bill in return for a promise of future support. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which committee members offer changes to a bil before it goes to the floor in either house for a vote |
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Term
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Definition
| A tactic by which a senator asks to be informed before a particular bill is brought to the floor. This stops the bill from coming to the floor until the hold is removed |
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Term
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Definition
| A formal way of halting action on a bill by means of long speeches of unlimited debate in the Senate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism requiring sixty senators to vote to cut off debate |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal constitutional authority of the president to reject bills passed by both houses of the legislative body thus preventing their becoming law without further congressional activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| If congress adjourns during the ten days the president has to consider a bill passed by both houses of congress, without the president's signature, the bill is considered vetoed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Congressional review of the activites of an agency, department, or office. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process whereby congress can nullify agency regulations by a joint resolution of legislative disapproval. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pssed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited to 60 days of overseas deployment in peacetime (which can be extended to 90 days) unless congress explicitly gives it approval for a longer period. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which presidents, when selecting district court judges, defer to the senator in whose state the vacancy occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adopted in 1921, prevents a President from serving more than two terms, or more than 10 years if he came to office via the death or impeachment of his predecessor |
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Term
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Definition
| An implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regasrding donfidiential conversations or national security to the Congress or the judiciary |
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Term
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Definition
| Key supreme court ruling on power of the president, finding that there is no absolute constitutional power to allow a president to refuse to comply with a court order to produce information needed in a criminal trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adopted in 1967 to establish procedures for filling vacancies in the office of the president and vice president as well as providing for procedures to deal with disability of the president |
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Term
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Definition
| The formal body of presidential advisors who head the fifteen executive departments. Presidents oten add others to this body of formal advisers |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal government agreement entered into by the president that does not require the advice or consent of the U.S. senate |
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Term
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Definition
| The authority of the president to delete part of a bill passed by the legislature that involves taxing or spending. The legislature may overturn the veto with a 2/3rds majority of each chamber |
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Term
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Definition
| An executive grant providing restoration of all rights and privilages of citizenship to someone convicted or charged with a crime |
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Term
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Definition
| Powers the belong to the national government simply because it is a sovereign state |
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Term
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Definition
| The name given to FDR's "Relief, Recovery, Reform" program beginning in 1933 to combat the Great Depression |
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Term
| Executive Office of the President |
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Definition
| Created in 1939 to help the President oversee the executive branch bureaucracy |
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Term
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Definition
| Jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support |
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Term
| Office of Management and Budget |
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Definition
| The office that prepares the president's annual budget proposal,r eviews the budget and programs of the executive departments, supplies economic forecasts, and conducts detailed analyses of proposed bills and agency rules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect of law. All executive orders must be published in the Federal Register |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of complex hierarchical departments, agencies, commissions, and their staffs that exists to help a chief executive officer carry out his or her duties. Bureaucracies may be private organizations of governmental units. |
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Term
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Definition
| The firing of public ofice holders of a defeated political party and replacement with loyalists of a newly elected party |
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Term
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Definition
| Reform measures that created the Civil Service COmmission to administer a partial merit system. The act classified the federal service by grades, to which appointments were made based on the results of a competitive examinition. It made it illegal for federal political appointees to be required to contribute to a particular political party. |
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Term
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Definition
| The system created by civil service laws by which many appointments are made to the federal bureaucracy |
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Term
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Definition
| The system by which federal civil service jobs are classified into grades or levels, to which appointments are made on the basis of performance on competitive examinations |
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Term
| Independent Regulatory Commission |
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Definition
| An agency created by congress that is generally concerned with a specific aspect of the economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Major administrative units with reponsibility for a broad are of government operations. Departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| Business established by congress to perform a certain function that can be provided by private businesses (such as the U.S. postal service) |
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Term
| Independent Executive Agency |
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Definition
| Governmental unit that closely resembles a cabinet department but has a narrower area of responsibility (such as the CIA) and is not part of any cabinet agency or department. |
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Term
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Definition
| Law enacted in 1939 to prohibit civil servasnts from taking activist roles in partisan campagins this act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party, or campaigning for a particular candidate. |
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Term
| Federal Employees Political Activities Act |
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Definition
| 1993 liberalization of the Hatch Act. Federal employees are now allowed to run for office in non-partisan elections and to contribute money to partisan campaigns |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a law or policy is put in place by the bureaucracy |
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Term
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Definition
| The relatively stable relationship and patterns of interaction that occur between congressional committees, interest groups, and agencies |
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Term
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Definition
| Loose flexible relationships that exist between the broad range of actors in the policy arena. |
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Term
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Definition
| Working groups created to facilitate the coordination of policy making and implementation across a host of governmental agencies |
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Term
| Administrative Discretion |
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Definition
| The ability of bureaucrats to make choices conerning the best ways to implement congressional intentions |
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Term
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Definition
| A quasi-legislative administrative process that has the characteristics of legislative acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rules that govern the operation of a particular government program that have the force of law |
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Term
| Administrative Adjudication |
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Definition
| A quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes. |
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Term
| Conventional Political Participation |
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Definition
| Political participation that ettemps to influence the political process through well-accepted, often moderate forms of persuasion |
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Term
| Unconventional Political Participation |
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Definition
| Political participation that attempts to influence through unusual or extremem measures, such as protests, boycotts, and picketing |
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Term
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Definition
| The proportion of the voting age public which votes |
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Term
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Definition
| Voting for candidates of different parties in the same election |
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Term
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Definition
| A voter's evaluation of the performance of the party in power |
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Term
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Definition
| A voter's evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of government that bases its rule on force rather than consent of the ruled |
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Term
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Definition
| The citizens eligible to vote |
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Term
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Definition
| A command, indicated by an electorate's vote, for the elected officials to carry out their platforms |
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Term
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Definition
| Election in which voters decide which of the candidates will represent the party in the general election |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary election in which only a party's registered voters are eligible to vote. |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary in which party members, independents, and even members of the other party are allowed to vote. |
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Term
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Definition
| Participation in the primary of a party with which the voter is not affiliated |
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Term
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Definition
| An organized attempt to influence the primary results of another primary |
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Term
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Definition
| A second primary election between the two candidates receiving the greatest number of votes in the primary |
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Term
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Definition
| Election in which voters decide which candidates will actually fill elective public offices |
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Term
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Definition
| An election option such as the initiative or referendum that enables voters to enact public policy |
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Term
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Definition
| An election that allows citizens to propose legislation and submit it to the state electorate for popular vote. |
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Term
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Definition
| An election whereby the states legislature submits proposed legislation to the states voters for approval |
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Term
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Definition
| An election in which voters can remove an incumbent from office by popular vote |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of states to choose early dates on the primary calendar |
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Term
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Definition
| A traditional party practice under which the majority of a state delegation can force the minority to vote for its candidate |
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Term
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Definition
| Delegate slot to the Democratic party's national convention that is reserved for an elected party official |
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Term
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Definition
| Representatives of each state who cast the final ballot that actually elects the president |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of the electoral college chosen by methods determined in each states |
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Term
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Definition
| The reallocation of the number of seats in the House of Representatives |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The legislative process through which the majority party in each statehouse tries to assure that the maximum number of representatives from its political party can be elected to Congress through the redrawing of legislative districts. |
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Term
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Definition
| An election that takes place in the middle of a presidential term |
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Term
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Definition
| A proposed system in which the country would be divided into five or six geographic areas and all states in each region would hold their presidential primary on the same day |
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Term
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Definition
| That part of a political campaign aimed at winning a primary election |
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Term
| General Election Campaign |
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Definition
| That part of a campaign aimed at winning a general election |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a campaign reaches the individual voter either by door-to-door solicitation or by telephone |
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Term
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Definition
| A push at the end of a political campaign to encourage supporters to go to the polls |
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Term
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Definition
| The individual who travels with the candidate and coordinates the many different aspects of the campaign |
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Term
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Definition
| A professional who coordinates the fund-raising efforts for the campaign |
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Term
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Definition
| A professional who takes public opinion surveys that guide political campaigns |
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Term
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Definition
| A professional who supervises a political campaign's direct mail fundraising strategies |
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Term
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Definition
| The person who develops the overall media strategy for the candidate blending free press coverage with paid TV, radio, and mail media |
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Term
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Definition
| The individual charged with interacting and communicating with journalists on a daily basis |
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Term
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Definition
| The campaign staff that makes use of web-based resources to communicate with voters, raise funds, organize volunteers, and plan campaign events. |
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| A private sector professional who sells to a candidate the technologies, services, and strategies required to get the candidate elected. |
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| Political advertisement purchased for a candidate's campaign |
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| Coverage of a candidate's campaign by the news media |
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| New technologies, such as the internet, that blur the line between paid and free media |
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| Advertising on behalf of candidate that stresses the candidate's qualifications, family, and issue positions without reference to the opponents |
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| Advertising on behalf of a candidate that attacks his opponent's platform and character |
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| Ad that compares the records and proposals of the candidate with a bias toward the sponsor |
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| Television advertising on behalf of a candidate that is 10-30-60 seconds long |
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| Advertising that attempts counteract an anticipated attack from the opposition before the attack is made |
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| Forum in which political candidates face each other to discuss their platforms, records, and character |
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| Political Action Committee |
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| Federally mandated, officially registered fund-raising groups that represent interest groups in the political process |
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| Donations from the general tax revenues to the campaigns of qualifying presidential candidates |
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| Donations to presidential campaigns from the federal government that are determined by the amount of private funds from qualifying candidate raises |
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| The virtually unregulated money funneled by individuals and political committees through state and local parties |
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| Legally specified and limited contributions that are clearly regulated by the Federal Election Campaign Act and by the Federal Election Commission |
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| Nonprofit and unregulated interest groups that focus on specific cuases or policy positions and attempt to influence voters |
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| The enitre array of organizations through which information is collected and disseminated |
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| Media providing the public with new information bout subjects of public interest |
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| A form of newspaper publishing in vogue in the late nineteenth century that sensationalized news through pictures and oversimplified news |
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| A form of journalism in vogue in the early twentieth century concerned with reforming govt and business conduct |
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| The traditional form of mass media comprising magazines, newspapers, newsletter, and journals |
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| Television, radio, cable, and sattelite services |
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| Technologies such as the internet that blur the line between media sources and create new opportunities for the disseminnation of news |
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| An association of broadcast stations that share programing through a financial arrangement. |
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| Local television stations that carry the programming of a national network |
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| An electronic delivery of news gathered by the news service's correspondents and sent to all member news services |
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| Targetting media programming at specific populations of society |
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Web-based journal entries that provide an editorial and news outlet for citizens |
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| Government attempts to regulate the substance of the media |
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| The rule that requires broadcast stations to sell air time equally to all candidates in a political campaign if they choose to sell any |
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| Rule in effect from 1949-85 requiring broadcasters to cover events adequately and to present contrasting views on issues |
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| A document offering an official comment or position |
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| A relatively restriced session between a press secretary or aide and the press |
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| An unrestricted session between an elected offical and the press |
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| Information provided to a journalist that will not be attributed to a source |
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| Information provided to a journalist that will not be attributed to any source |
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| Information provided by a journalist that will not be relased to the public |
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| Information provided to a journalist that can be released and attributed by name to a source |
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| New York Times Co. v. Sullivan |
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| The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure |
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| The influence of news sources on public opinion |
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| The constant process of forming the list of issues to be addressed by the government |
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| The process by which a news organization defines a political issue and consequently affects opinions about the issue |
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Federalism Over the Years |
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Federalism: (Lots of federal power) National and state government derive power from the people Dual Federalism: (Increased state power) The belief that having separate abd equally powerful levels of government is the best. Cooperative Federalism: (Increased Fed. Power)The relationship between fed/states that began during New Deal. New Federalism: Reagan administration relationship between state/feds, focused on increasing state power. |
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