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A&P FINAL FALL 2012
a&p final
88
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
12/11/2012

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Term
Intracellular Fluid
Definition

63% of body water volume; Less concentrated in adipose cells

 

Term
Exctracellular Fluids
Definition
37% of Body water Volume; plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid; CSF, synovial fluid, serous fluid, duct secretions
Term
Females or Males - Who contains LESS ICF?
Definition
FEMALES!!
Term
Third Spacing
Definition
Fluids Lost from ICF anf ECF
Term
HYPOnatremia
Definition
From GI loss - diarrhea, vomiting; ineffective kidney response to aldosterone; overconsumption of water
Term
HYPERnatremia
Definition
from water evaporation or weak response to ADH
Term
HYPOkalemia
Definition
from exaggerated response to aldosterone
Term
HYPERkalemia
Definition
retention of potassium by the kidneys - acidosis; ICF potassium becomes ECF potassium
Term
HYPOcalcemia
Definition
from weak response to parathyroid hormone; malabsorption of Vit D
Term
HYPERcalcemia
Definition
exaggerated response to parathryoid hormone - possible cancerous source
Term
Inputs and Outputs
Definition
SHOULD BE EQUAL!!!
Term
Thirst
Definition
Osmoreceptors detect increasing fluid concentration; hypothalamus triggers drinking; stomach baroreceptors inhibit
Term
SENSIBLE water loss
Definition
urination, vomit, wound vac
Term
INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS
Definition
across membranes - sweat, tears
Term
Urine concentration
Definition
alterable to regulate water homeostasis
Term
Acid Production in the Body
Definition

Hydrogen (H+) and Hydroxyl (-OH)

-Released by disassociation of compounds-

Acids - Extra H+

Bases - Extra -OH

Term
Buffer Systems
Definition
To Neutralize acids and bases - acids more commonly produced
Term
Bicarbonate Buffer System
Definition
Related to RBCs; As carbonic acid levels rise, pH decreases; Carbonic acid is split into H+ and HCO3-; pH increases again and balances out.
Term
Phosphate Buffer System
Definition
Phosphate comes from 2 sources - ATP and breakdown of bone; presence of phosphate can either increase or decrease pH; excreted by kidneys when excessive
Term
Protein Buffer System
Definition
Proteins trap H+ in Carboxyl region or amine region; Carboxyl DETACHES H+ to decrease pH; Amine attaches H+ to RAISE pH
Term
Respiratory Buffer System
Definition
as CO2 rises, H2CO3 rises, lowering pH; ponds and medulla receive chemosensory input of blood pH; pH falls, resp rate INCREASES and CO2 is lost
Term
Renal Buffer System
Definition
Involves Metabolism; production of acids from metabolism; vomiting or diarrhea of gastric juices
Term
Testes
Definition
Produce Sperm - held outside the body in the SCROTUM
Term
Epididymis
Definition
Coiled tubes atop each testis where sperm mature
Term
Ejaculation
Definition
sperm leaves the testes through the vas deferens and pass through the ejaculatory ducts
Term
three glands that contribute to the production of semen
Definition

1. seminal vesicles - paired, drain into ejaculatory duct, alkaline, fructose

2. prostate gland - DONUT SHAPED, base of urinary bladder, think and milky alkaline fluid

3. bulbuorethral glands - paired, inferior to prostate, mucous like alkaline fluid RELEASED

Term
Ovaries
Definition
Produce one egg (ovum) per month during OOGENESIS
Term
Ovary anatomy
Definition
Outer CORTEX and inner MEDULLA - cortex is where PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES are found
Term
Hormones of the Ovary
Definition

ESTROGEN-responsible for development and maintenance of most female 2ndary sex characteristics

PROGESTERONE - prepares uterus for pregnancy

Term
Oviducts
Definition
extend from ovaries to uterus
Term
Fimbriae
Definition
Finger-like projections sweep the egg into the oviduct with cilia - where FERTILIZATION takes place - zygote moved by cilia and oviduct contractions to the uterus
Term
Uterus
Definition

Pear-Shaped, thick-walled and muscular

Inner epithelium = ENDOMETRIUM

smooth muscle = MYOMETRIUM

lower end of uterus = CERVIX

Term
Vagina
Definition
Facilitates Sexual intercourse, serves as birth canal, and exit for menstrual flow
Term
Vulva
Definition
Includes the vaginal and urethral openings into the vestibule, clitoris, labia minus and majoris and monis pubis
Term
Function of Semen Components
Definition

Fructose - energy so sperm can swim

Prostoglandins - may cause uterine contractions

Alkaline - to protect sperm from acidic vaginal secretions

Term
Pathway of Sperm from meiotic division to ejaculation
Definition
Head of sperm is covered by cap called ACROSOME; Sperm only contribute genetic amterial; Viable for up to SIX days in the femal genital tract
Term
Process of producing Sperm
Definition
Term
GAMETES
Definition
REPRODUCTIVE CELLS; SPERMATOZOA/OVA; produced by GONADS; HAPLOID; when gametes fuse = DIPLOID - ZYGOTE
Term
Male Vs. Female Gametes
Definition
Sperm are always being created and matured; Eggs are never created AFTER birth - only ONE matures per month (after puberty)
Term
MEIOSIS
Definition

MITOSIS X2!!

produces gametes - haploid cells -

diversity = random genetics

Term
Seminiferous Tubules
Definition
Inside the testes - produce haploid sperm through SPERMATOGENESIS
Term
Sustentacular Cells
Definition
Support, nourish, and regulate the cells during spermatogenesis
Term
Interstitial Cells
Definition
produce TESTOSTERONE
Term
Actions of testosterone
Definition
Increased body hair; sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair; enlargement of larynx, thick skin, increased muscular growth and strengthening of bones
Term
Pituitary Hormones in the Male
Definition
Male body reproductively immature UNTIL hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin Realeasing Hormone - stimulates Ant. pituit. gland to release gonadotropins
Term
Follicle Stimulating Hormone in Male
Definition
Stimulates spermatogenesis
Term
LH in Male
Definition
Stimulates the interstitial cells to producle male sex hormones
Term
Male Sex Hormones
Definition
called ANDROGENS; Testosterone MOST important; produces rapidly at puberty
Term
Regulation of Male Sex Hormones
Definition
Concentration of testosterone RISES, hypothalamus is inhibited and ant. pituit. secretion of gonadotropins is REDUCED. and vice versa
Term
Regulation of Female Reproductive Hormones
Definition

estrogen and progesterone -

Ovaries under control of FSH and LH

gonadotropin and hormone levels vary over 28 day cycle

- Estrogen and Progesterone levels affect structure of endometrium-

Term
Ovarian Cycle
Definition
females born with up to 2 million follicles; primary follicle turns into a maturre follicle each month - leads to ovulation; primary oocytes turn into secondary oocytes; egg released - empty follive becomes corpus luteum
Term
Phases of ovulation
Definition

1. Follicular Phase

2. Ovulation

3. Luteal Phase

Term
Follicular Phase
Definition

days 1-13 stimulates development of oocyte-containing follicle - secretes estrogen and progesterone

 

Term
Luteal Phase
Definition

days 15-28 - corpus luteum develops and secretes hormones to promote development of endometrium

Term
Uterine Cycle
Definition
female hormones affect endometrium and cause uterus to undergo uterine cycle - menstruation, proliferative phase, ovulation, secretory phase
Term
Menstruation
Definition
days 1-5; menses occurs due to LOW levels of estrogen/progestrone in blood
Term
Proliferative Phase
Definition
days 6-13; endometirum thickens
Term
Ovulation
Definition
day 14; egg is released
Term
Secretory Phase
Definition
days 15-28; endometrium continues to thicken and becomes vascular; no pregnancy, cycle begins again
Term
Orgasm in males
Definition
Penis becomes erect from sexual arousal; nitric ozide causes arteriole vasodilation; veins compressed and erectile tissue fills with blood; EJACULATION
Term
EJACULATION
Definition
Muscular tension followed by muscular contractions; 400 MILLION sperm in each ejaculate of 2-5ml; refractory period of @ least 10 min prevents another erection/ejaculation
Term
Orgasm in Females
Definition
Sexual stimulation - the labia, vaginal walls, and clitoris become engorged with blood - causes sympathetic system to stimulate mucous secretion for lubrication - clitoris very sensitive
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
Latex barrier that covers the cervix
Term
Cervical Cap
Definition
Mini-diaphragm; covers the cervix
Term
male condom
Definition
latex sheath fitted over erect penis
Term
intrauterine device (IUD)
Definition
Alters the uterine environment so fertilization/implantation cannot take place
Term
Oral Contraception
Definition
Birth Control Pills - prevent ovulation by stimulating pregnancy levels of estrogen/progesterone
Term
Depo-Provera
Definition
Injection - alters the endometrium to discourage pregnancy
Term
FUTURE contraception methods
Definition

1. contraceptive vaccines - utilize the immune system to block hCG that is necessary to maintain the embryo

2. antisperm vaccine

Term
Each Gamete contributes to 1 zygote -
Definition
During sexual reproduction, each parent contributes one haploid gamete (a sex cell with half the normal number of chromosomes). The two sex cells fuse during fertilization and form a diploid zygote (which has the normal number of chromosomes)
Term
development of newly fertilized egg
Definition

1. sperm and egg interact = zygote

2. acrosome of a sperm releases enzymes that digest hole in the CORONA RADIATA and ZONA PELLUCIDA around egg

3. several sperm penetrate the corona radiata - only ONE sperm enters the egg

Term
ECTODERM
Definition
epidermis, sweat glands, hair follicles, nervous system, tooth enamel, adrenal medulla
Term
MESODERM
Definition
skeletal system, muscular system, excretory system, circulatory and lymphatic systems, reproductive system, DERMIS of skin, lining of body cavity
Term
ENDODERM
Definition
epithelial lining of digestive tract and respiratory system, lining of urethra and bladder, liver, pancreas, thymus, thyroid and parathyroid glands
Term
First week of Embryo Development
Definition
Fertilization occurs in upper third oviduct - zygote produced; embryo is ball of cells called morula when it reaches uterus on THIRD day; FIFTH day - the morula is transformed into a blastocyst which has an outer trophoblast and inner cell mass
Term
Second Week of Embryo Development
Definition

Embryo begins to implant in the uterine lining; trophoblast secretes hCG;

YOLK SAC AND AMNION FORM; GASTRULATION occurs and inner cell mass becomes EMBRYONIC DISC

trophoblast becomes CHORION

Term
3rd-5th week of embryonic development
Definition

NERVOUS system is first visible organ system

HEART begins to form and PUMP when left and right heart tubes fuse

4th and 5th - ALLANTOIS forms within umbilical cord

limb buds appear and SENSE ORGANS develop

Term
6th-8th week of embryonic development
Definition
easily recognized as human; all organ systems are established; embryo weighs no more than an aspirin tablet
Term
Fetal Circulation
Definition
oxygen and nutrients diffuse into fetal blood from maternal blood; waste diffuses into maternal blood from fetal blood
Term
Fetal Cardio Adaptations
Definition
fetal blood has GREATER oxygen-carrying capacity
Term
Ductus Venosus
Definition
conducts half the blood from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava; liver is bypassed
Term
foramen ovale
Definition
Conveys blood from right atrium to left atrium - LUNGS are bypassed
Term
ductus atereiosis
Definition
conducts some blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta; lungs are bypassed
Term
umbilical arteries
Definition
carry blood from internal iliac arteries to placenta
Term
Umbilical Vein
Definition
Carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus
Term
Anatomy of fetal vascular system
Definition
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