Superiorly to Inferiorly

Pineal Gland

Hypothalamus

Pituitary (anterior and posterior)

Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Glands

Thymus

Adrenal Glands

Pancreas

Ovary (female)

Testes (male)

GH: Growth Hormone

TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

PRL: Prolactin

Gonadotropins:

FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone

LH: Luteinizing Hormone

• Mobilizes fats and spares glucose
• stimulates bone and muscle growth

Growth promoting effects mediated indirectly by IGFs (Insulin-like Growth Factors)

Hyposecretion: Pituitary Dwarfism in children

Hypersecretion: Gigantism in children; Acromegaly in adults

Stimulates Thyroid Gland to release Thyroid Hormones

Hyposecretion: Cretinism in children

Hypersecretion: hyperthyroidism-effects similar to those of Graves' disease

Stimulated by CRH

Promotes release of glucocorticoids, androgens, and mineralcorticoids from adrenal cortex

Hyposecretion is really rare

Hypersecretion results in Cushing's disease

What are the effects of FSH?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Stimulated by GnRH

In females: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production

In males: stimulates sperm production

What is the effect of LH?

(Luteinizing Hormone)

Stimulated by GnRH

In females: triggers ovulation and stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone

In males: promotes testosterone production

Inhibited by PIH (dopamine)

promotes lactation of the breasts

ADH-Anti-Diuretic Hormone

Oxytocin

Stimulates uterine contraction and initiates labor.

Initiates milk ejection of the breasts.

The posterior pituitary gland is made largly by the axons of the hypothalamus and it stores ADH and oxytocin  that have been synthesized in the hypothalamus.

The Infundibulum is the stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

the axons running through the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary are known as the hypothalamic hypopheseal tract

Thyroxine (T₄)

Triiodothyronine (T₃)

• T₄ is the major hormone secreted by the thyroid follicles. T₃ is formed at the target tissues by removal of on Iodine atom.
• T₄ and T₃ are reffered together as TH
• TH effects virtually every cell in the body by turning on transcription of genes that are concerned with glucose oxidation.
• TH increases metabolic rate and body heat production... i.e. the calorigenic effect.
• TH is important in regulating tissue growth and development. It is critical for normal skeletal and nervous system development as well as maturation of reproductive capabilites.

What is the function of PTH?

(Parathyroid Hormone)

• High Blood Glucose: Pancreas secretes Insulin
• Insulin stimulates cells to take in glucose and liver to convert glucose to glycoge.
• Blood Glucose then falls back to normal range
• Low Blood Glucose: Pancreas secretes Glucagon
• Glucagon stimulates liver to convert stored Glycogen to glucose

• Plasma: 55%- the least dense component
• Buffy coat: >1% contains white blood cells and platelets
• erythrocytes: 45%- the most dense component

essentially a biconcave bag of hemoglobin

• Hemoglobin:
• two alpha chains and two beta chains of globin
• four heme groups
• Biconcave shape is maintained by the protein spectrin- which is deformable, allowing the cell some flexibility

transport gases through the body

• Oxygen: When erythrocytes pass through the pulmonary circuit, Iron in the heme groups of hemoglobin binds with oxygen: oxyhemoglobin
• deoxyhemoglobin: when the oxygen is released from the heme groups and delivered to the cells of the body.
• Carbaminohemoglobin: Carbon dioxide released from the cells binds to the amino acids of the globin chains to be eliminated through the lungs

Hemocytoblast-->

phase 1: Ribosome synthesis-->

phase 2: hemoglobin synthesis-->

phase 3: ejection of nucleus "Reticulocyte"-->

*Reticulocyte is the stage in which it leaves the bone marrow

Reticulocyte matures to Erythrocyte in the blood stream

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

• granulocytes
• 50-70% of WBCs
• lilac colored cytoplasm
• Neutro: because granules take up acidic and basic stains (red and blue)
• major phagocytes
• Nucleus has 3 to 6 lobes

• 2-4% of WBCs
• granules take up eosin- red, acidic stain
• lysosome like granules
• nucleus is bi-lobed
• destroys parasitic worms by degranulating
• numbers also increase during allergies and asthma

• <1% of WBCs
• granules contain histamine which increases inflamation by vasodilation and increases capillary permeability
• Baso-- takes up blue, basic stain

• Agranulocyte
• 25% of WBCs
• Large spherical nucleus takes up most of the cytoplasm
• 2 types:
• B lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes

• Agranulocyte
• 3-8% of WBCs
• Largest of the WBCs
• Leave the blood stream and transform into macrophages
• occurs especially with chronic infections
• Phagocytize bacteria and deadd tissue debris
• Activate B and T lymphocytes

ADP

serotonin

Ca²⁺