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gastrointestinal tract
a continuous tube beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus |
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| process by which food is changed in the mouth, stomach, and intestines by chemical, mechanical, and physical action, so that the body can absorb it |
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| process by which nutrient material is taken into the blood stream or lympph and travels to all cells of the body |
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| process whereby the solid waste (end) products of digestion are excreted |
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| mechanically breaks food apart by the action of the teeth; moistens and lubricates food with saliva; food is formed into a bolus and ready to be swallowed |
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| a soft mass of chewed food |
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| used in mastication (chewing) |
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| secretes saliva to moisten and lubricate food |
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| common passageway for both respiration and digestion; muscular constrictions move the swallowed bolus into the esophagus |
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| moves the bolus by peristalsis down the esophagus into the stomach |
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| reduces food to a digestible state; converts food to a semiliquid state called chyme |
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| function: small intestine |
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| digestion and absorption take place in the chiefly in the small intestine; nutrients are absorbed and transferred to body cells by the circulatory system |
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| function: large intestine |
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| reabsorbs water from the fecal materials, stores, and then eliminates waste from the body via the rectum and anus |
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| change glucose to glycogen and stores it until needed; changes glycogen back to glucose; desaturates fats; assists in protein catabolism; manufactures bile, fibrinogen, prothrombin, heparin, and blood proteins; stores iron and vitamins (B12, A, D, E, K); produces heat; detoxifies toxins |
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| stores and concentrates bile that has been produced by the liver |
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| secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine, contains cells that produce digestive enzymes, produces the hormones insulin and glucagon |
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| oral cavity; formed by the hard and soft palates at the top or roof, the cheeks on the sides, the tongue at the floor, an the lips that frame the opening to the cavity; contined within are the teeth and salivary glands; the vestibule includes the space between the cheeks and the teeth |
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| thin fold of mucous membrane that connects the free portion of the tongue to underlying epithelium to prevent extreme movement of the tongue |
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| made of skeletal muscle; coveed with mucous membrane; manipulates food during chewing and assists in swallowing |
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| divided into blunt rear portion (root), a pointed tip, and a central body; papillae (elevations) and taste buds (sweet, sour, salt, bitter) are located on the surface of the tongue |
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