• Mitochondria within our cells use oxygen to produce ATP
• Oxygen helps oxidize (burn) glucose and this produces ATP.
• C₆H₁₂O₆-->CO₂+H₂O
• We need the respiratory system to transport O₂ in and CO₂ out.

• Conducting Zone: Nose, nasal cavit, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea. Works to cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air.
• Respiratory Zone: Site of gas exchange. Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, alveoli

• hairs: trap dust and can trigger sneezing
• mucus and serous fluid traps particles and moisten air
• Cilia move mucus to the throat to be swallowed
• shallow blood vessels warm the air.
• nasal conchae create more surface area and turbulate the air to aid in warming, cleansing, and moisturizing incoming air.

• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

AKA adenoids

Collection of Lymphocytes that can detect pathogens and start an immune response

Only part to recieve only air.

Gets blocked by the uvula of the soft palate due to the swalling reflex in order to keep food and water from coming out of your nose.

Contains the adenoids

Area between the Uvula and Epiglottis

Contains tonsils (lymphatic tissue):

Palatine tonsils: on sides of oropharynx, the ones that get removed

Lingual tonsils: at base of the tongue

Sound production 

Passageway for air

prevents food from getting into the respiratory system

How many cartilages is the larynx made out of?

Which ones do we need to know?

The Larynx is made of 9 cartilages

Need to know:

Thyroid

Cricoid

Epiglottis

• looks like a sheild
• Forms major anterior structure
• Has laryngeal prominence aka adam's apple
• point of fusion

Describe the Cricoid Cartilage

Located below the thyroid cartilage and above the first trachial cartilage

It looks like a ring

Is expanded posteriorly for posterior support

• "Guardian of the airway"
• It folds during swallowing and prevents food from entering the larynx

The Glottis also closes when swalling as extra protection from food or water entering

• vestibular folds: upper/false vocal cords
• protect the true vocal cords
• help close the Glottis
• Vocal Folds: true vocal cords
• produce sound as air passes over them from the inside out

• AKA the wind pipe
• locates at mid thorax and divides into the 2 bronchi
• has psuedo stratified epithelium 
• Cilia move mucus and trapped particles to the mouth
• C-shaped cartilage rings precent collapse of the trachea
• Trachealis: posterior muscle used to help with coughing
• Carina: protrusion on last tracheal cartilage that is innervated to trigger coughing when something touches is.

Right lung: 3 lobes

Left Lung: 2 lobes

Main Bronchi-->Lobar Bronchi-->

Segmental (tertiary) Bronchi--->

segmental bronchi divide 23 times and become bronchioles (<1mm diamater)

Each goes to a bronchpulmonary segment of the lung

10 on the right

8 or 9 on the left

The rings in the trachea become plates in the bronchi

There is no cartilage in the bronchioles: instead there is smooth muscle which allows for broncho-constriction and broncho-dilation

Simple Squamous Epithelium

• Type 1 alveolar cell: simple squamous epithelium
• The major cell type of the alveolus
• Type 2 surfactant secreting cell: mixture of lipid and protein secretion
• breaks the hydrogen bonds of water molecules and lowers the surface tension so the lungs inflate easier
• Alveolar Macrophages: Remove particles from the alveolus
• We cough out 2 million an hour!

When babies are born prematurely and they have not secreted surfactant in their lungs yet, it makes it very difficult for them to breath

They are given artificial surfactant  which was created at UCSF.

• Boyle's law: change in pressure of a gas varies inveresely with the change in volume of it's container.
• Gas moves from high pressure to low pressure.
• Inspiration: Thoracic volume increases
• Expiration: Thoracic volume decreases

TV= Tidal Volume

Tidal Volume: The amount of ar exchanged during quiet breathing

Tidal Volume is ~500mL

IRV= Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The amount of air inspired beyond a Tidal Inspiration

~2100mL- 3200mL

(2-3 liters)

varies with the size of person

ERV= Expiratory Reserve Volume

The amount of air expired after a Tidal Expiration

1000mL- 1200mL

(~1 liter)

VC= Vital Capacity

Total amount of exchangeable air.

VC=TV+IRV+ERV

Obstructive Disease

Restrictive Disease

When there is something obstructing the airway

• Chronic Bronchitis:Mucus in bronchioles
• Asthma: Broncoconstriction: Smooth muscle contraction

Lungs can't inflate as well (are restricted)

• Fibrosis: Fibrous tissue in the lung
• Polio: Nerves that control the diaphragm are paralized

• Restrictive Disease: Vital capacity is decreased
• Obstructive Disease: It's very hard to expire air therefore it occurs more slowly

FEV₁= Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second

This value is given as a percentage of VC

FEV₁ should be 80% of VC