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A&P Chapter 16: Blood
The Blood
43
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/13/2013

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Term
What are Arteries?
Definition
Thick walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Term
What are Veins?
Definition
Thin walled vessels that carry blood to the heart
Term
What are Capillaries?
Definition
Vessels that allow for exchange between blood and tissues and transfer blood from arteries to veins.
Term

What are the Components of blood plasma?

(centrifuge)

Definition

[image]

Term
What are the components of blood plasma?
Definition
  • 90% Water w/ solutes: Na+,K+, Cl-, Ca2+, Fe2+, CO2, O2, glucose, hormones, etc.
  • Plasma proteins: 8% by weight
    • Albumin-60% of plasma proteins
Term
What is Albumin?
Definition
  • Most abundant plasma protein
  • same stuff as in egg whites
  • synthesized in the liver
  • carrier protein for lipophilic hormones & other substances
  • Provides osmotic pressure for blood:
    • Draws water into the blood
Term
What are the formed elements?
Definition
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Plateletes
** All have short lifespands & are constantly being
    renewed
Term
What are Erythrocytes?
Definition
  • Red Blood Cells
  • Annucleate biconcave disc
  • Essentially bags of hemoglobin (Hb)
Term

What is Hemoglobin and it's functions? (Hb)

 

Definition

Globin protein = Heme Group

  • Globin protein: 4 poly peptide chains
    • 2 alpha chains + 2 beta chains
    • Amino acids of globin carry CO2
  • Heme groups: contain Fe2which binds with Oat the lungs
Term
What are the states of Hemoglobin? (Hb)
Definition
  • Oxyhemoglobin: Fe2+ picks up Oat lungs
  • Deoxyhemoglobin: Fe2+ releases O2
  • Carbamino-hemoglobin: globin picks up COat tissues
Term

Definition of

Hematopoiesis and Erythropoiesis

Definition
  • Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation
  • Erythropoiesis: Red Blood Cell Formation

 

Term
Stages of Erythropoiesis
Definition
  1. Hemocytoblast becomes committed to erythropoieses
  2. Phase 1: Ribosome synthesis (Erythroblast)
  3. Phase 2: Hemoglobin accumulation (Normoblast)
  4. Phase 3: ejection of nucleus and release into blood stream (Reticulocyte)
  5. Becomes Erythrocyte in the blood stream.

[image]

Term

 

Reticulocyte Count

Definition

Should be 1-2% of RBCs

 

Low count indicates that marrow isn't producing enough RBCs

Term
How is RBC production regulated?
Definition
  • Kidneys produce hormone, erythropoietin (EPO) when O2 in blood is low
  • EPO stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow.

** EPOgen is genetically engineered EPO. Helps people with anemia due to kidney failure and can be abused by athletes.

Term
How long to RBCs live?
Definition
Red blood cells live about 120 days
Term
How are RBCs destroyed?
Definition
  • When RBCs age they are removed from circulation and destroyed by macrophages that are primarily in the spleen but also in bone marrow and liver.
  • Hemoglobin is released from the phagocytized RBCs.
Term
What happens to Hemoglobin (Hb) after it's released from phagocytized RBCs?
Definition
  • Fe is released to the blood and transported to liver by transferrin(protein) and stored as ferritin(protein)
  • Heme without Fe is converted to bilirubin (in macrophages) then released to the blood and transported by albumin to the liver.
  • Globin(protein) is broken into amino acids which are reused in the cells to form other proteins
Term
What happens to bilirubin after it is transported to the liver by albumin?
Definition
  • Bilirubin is then secreted into bile and leaves body via the intestine.
  • Metabolites of bilirubin turn feces brown, and urine and blood plasma yellow.
  • High levels of bilirubin (or problems removing it) result in jaundice: yellow skin, sclera, mucous membranes.
Term
What does the suffix "-emia" mean?
Definition
Means, to do with the blood
Term
What are the two classifications for erythrocyte disorders?
Definition
  • Anemia: Too few RBCs; low Ocarrying capacity of the blood. 
    • Low O-> Low ATP -> cold, fatigue, pale
  • Polycythemia: Too many RBCs
    • Normally seen in athletes and people who live in high altitudes.
    • Polycythemia vera is a bone marrow cancer which increases viscosity of blood and inhibits circulation. Characterized by dizziness and very high RBC count. (8-11 mill)
Term
What are the types of Anemia?
Definition
  • Iron deficiency anemia-most common
  • Pernicious Anemia:
    • Lack of Vitamin B12-needed for DNA synthesis to form RBCs.
    • Usually an absorption issue- lack of intrinisic factor.
      • intrinsic factor is produced by gastric mucosa which can be partially destroyed by immune system.
Term
What is Iron deficiency anemia?
Definition

Iron deficiency anemia-most common

AKA microcytic anemia

  • caused by blood loss or not enough Fe in diet
  • RBCs are small and pale- microcytic anemia
Term
What is Pernicious Anemia?
Definition
Pernicious Anemia
AKA Macrocytic Anemia
  • Lack of Vitamin B12-needed for DNA synthesis to form RBCs.
  • Usually an absorption issue- lack of intrinisic factor.
    • intrinsic factor is produced by gastric mucosa which can be partially destroyed by immune system.
  • Fewr RBCs which are large- macrocytic anemia
Term
What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
Definition
  • The 6th amino acid (out 146) on the beta chain of Hb is abnormal.
  • This causes the cell to take on a sickle shape in low O2 conditions. 
  • Sickle cells cause capillaries to clog which leads to organ disfunction and pain.
  • RBCs are removed from circulation more readily which leads to anemia & jaundice
Term
What is the differnce between having 1 gene for Sickle Cell Anemia and having 2 genes for Sickle Cell Anemia?
Definition
  • Having 2 genes= Sickle cell disease
  • Having 1 gene= Sickle Cell trait.
    • Sickle Cell Trait protects against Malaria. 
    • This is why Sickle Cell Disease is more common in countries where Malaria is a problem.
Term
General Info about Leukocytes (WBCs)
Definition
  • Have a nucleus and organelles unlike RBCs
  • Less than 1% of blood volume
  • Use blood for transport
  • Increase greatly in times of infection.
  • Move through tissue by amoeboid motion and are attracted by molecules released by injured cells (positive chemotaxis)
Term
Two Classes of Leukocytes (WBCs)
Definition
  • Granulocytes: have granules
  • Agranulocytes: Don't have visible granules.
Term
Three types of Granulocytes
Definition
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
Term
Two types of Agranulocytes
Definition
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
Term
Nmemonic device to remember relative abundance of the different types of Leukocytes
Definition

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Most abundant--------------------------------Least abundant

 

  1. Neutrophils 
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
  • Granulocyte
  • Most abundant- 50-70% of WBCs
  • Lilac colored cytoplasm
  • Some granules are like lysosomes and others have defensive molecules (defensins) to fight bacteria
  • Major phagocytes- take in bacteria and granules destroy it
  • 3-6 lobed nucleus- In medicine neutrophils are called polymorphonuclear-PMNs or polys

[image]

 

Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
  • Agranulocyte
  • 25% of WBCs
  • Large spherical nucleus that takes up most of the cytoplasm
  • 2 types:
    • B Lymphocytes: transform into plasma cells and produce anitbodies
    • T lymphocytes: Destroy cancerous and virus infected cells

[image]

 

Term
Monocytes
Definition
  • Agranulocyte
  • 3-8% of WBCs 
  • Largest of WBCs
  • Leave the blood stream and transform into macrophages especially during chronic infections
  • Phagocytize bacteria and can remove dead tissue debris
  • Activate T & B cell lymphocytes in immune response

[image]

 

Term
Eosinophils
Definition
  • Granulocytes
  • 2-4% of WBCs 
  • Take eosin: red acidic stain
  • granules are lysosome like
  • bi-lobed nucleus
  • Destroys parasitic worms by degranulating
  • also increased in allergies and asthma

[image]

 

Term
Basophils
Definition
  • Granulocyte
  • <1% of WBCs
  • Granules contain histamine which increases inflammation by vasodilation and increasing capillary permeability.
[image]
Term
How is Leukocyte production stimulated?
Definition
  • Interluekins (ILs)
  • Colony Stimulating factors (CSFs)
    • G-CSF stimulates production of neutrophils
      • Neupogen (commercial G-CSF) is given to cancer chemotherapy patients when their neutrophil count falls.
Term
How are platelets formed?
Definition
  • Magakarocyte gets close to a capillary (sinusoid) & fragments of the cell enter the blood stream as platelets

[image]

 

Term
What are the platelet chemicals that make them sticky to form a platelet plug?
Definition
  • ADP-
  • Thromboxane A2
  • Serotonin
Term
What are the three stages of hemostasis?
Definition
  1. Vascular spasm: smooth muscle in blood vessels contract (vasoconstriction) to keep blood away from the tear.
  2. Platelet plug formation: Tear in vessel allows collagen fibers to be expressed. Platelets become sticky by releasing granule contents and respond to positive feedback system.
  3. Coagulation (Clotting): Complex process
Term
Briefly describe the process of Coagulation
Definition
  • Complex process with 30 clotting factors that leads to a meshwork of fibrin that hold the torn vessel together until it's repaired
  • Damage activates a protein factor that activates another factor until prothrombin activator is formed.
  • Prothrombin--->Thrombin--->Fibrinogen
    --->Fibrin: crosslinked to create fibrin meshwork
    --->Clot: Strengthens and replaces platelet plug.
                 Holds vessel together until tissue repair
                 occurs 
Term
What is Fibrinolysis and tPA?
Definition
Process of breaking down clots and preventing them from growing

  1. Nearby blood vessel cells produce tPA (tissue Plasminogen Activator)
  2. tPA activates Plasminogen within clot
  3. Plasminogen produces Plasmin (proteolytic enzyme)
  4. Plasmin breaks down fibrin-->Clot dissolves

** Genetically engineered tPA is a clot buster for heart attack and stroke victims. 

Term
What is Hemophilia?
Definition

Condition in which one clotting factor is missing.

 

Even very small wounds can be life threatening

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