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| regions surrounding atomic nucleus that contain electrons; may contain up to eight electrons in each level: energy increases with distance from molecules. |
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| negatively charged particle |
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| positively charged particle in nucleus |
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| non-charged particle in nucleus |
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| the number of protons in the nucleus; determines the type of atom |
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| a pure substance; made up of only one KIND of atom |
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| a group of atoms bound together in a group |
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| substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom |
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| form to make atoms more stable; outermost energy level of each atom is filled by electrons sharing, borrowing, or giving away electrons to make them stable...usually 8. |
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| form when an atom gains or loses electons in its outer energy level to become more stable |
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| has LOST electrons to become stable; indicated by a superscript positive sign + |
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| has GAINED electrons to become stable; indicated by a superscript negative sign - |
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| positive and negative ions attract each other because of elecrical attraction |
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| molecule that dissociates (breaks apart) in water to form individual ions; and ionic compound; a solution that conducts electricty. |
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| form when atoms that SHARE their outer energy fill up and thus become stable; do not ordinarily easily associate in water |
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| much like magnet toys; shape determines strenght, and therefore funchion; primary linkage of ALL protien structure; the chemical bond between carboxyl groups and amino groups that unites a peptide |
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contain carbon-carbon, and or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds.
inorganic molecules do not |
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| non-carbonic covalent bonds. examples: water, some acids, bases, and salts. |
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| a solvent, a liquid into which solutes are dissolved, forming aqueous solutions in the body; involved in chemical reactions |
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| making a concentrate; a chemical reaction in which water is removed from small molecules so they can be strung together to form a larger molecule: body does this for storage |
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| breaks down in water; chemical reaction in which water is added to the subunits of a large molecule to break it apart into smaller molecules. dissolution. |
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substances that shift the H+/OH- (hydrogen ion)/(Hydroxine ion) in favor of H+... opposite of base...
anything less than 7 on the ph scale |
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| subsance that shifts H+/OH- balance against the H+; also known as an alkaline; opposite acid |
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mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration in an aqueous solution;
7 is neutral... not acid, not base...
ph values above 7 are basic or base, alkaline... below 7 are acidic, the lower the number, the more acidic... the higher the number, the more basic it is |
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| overly acidic blood ph... dangerous condition |
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| occurs when acids and bases mix and form salts |
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| chemical systems that absorb excess acids or bases and thus maintain a relatively stable ph... ex bicarbonate, phosphate. |
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contain carbon-carbon, and or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds.
inorganic molecules do not |
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| sugars used for energy now by your cells of your body as monosacharrides: one simple sugar... or stored in the liver and muscles for later as polysacharides, a chain of simple sugars. |
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1.fats used to store energy for later,
2.form cells membranes to keep cytoplasm inside the cell.
3.transport other lipids that form the basis of steroid hormones. |
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| any hormone affecting the development and growth of sex organs. |
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amino acids that
1. form the actual tisues, fibers, and other structural material in the body
2. form enzymes and hormones that function in the body to facilitate chemical reactions or send signals to the control centers in the body.
protein = structure |
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| are neucleotides; 2 or more atom, making up a compound that contain a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base. |
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literally means carbon and water:
simple sugars, monosaccharides, form chains of 2 or more sugars through dehydration synthesis, the process of removing water from the sugar
dehydration froces the remaining sugar to bond with another sugar to make up the hydrogen and oxygen that is now missing...
... disacharides, and polysacharides are formed. |
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| what are 3 different types of carbohydrate molecules? |
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| glucose, lactose, and starch |
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| what are 3 different kinds of lipids? |
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| triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids. |
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| is a multiple ring structure, made up of C,H,O. make up a protective sheath |
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| contain a phosphorus unit 'HEAD' made up of C,H,O,P,N, and 2 fatty acid tails, made up of C,H,O... tails repel water. make up membrane walls |
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| contain a glycerol unit "head" made up of C,H,O, and 3 fatty acid tails, made up of C,H,O. they can be broken apart to yeild energy. |
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| composed of basic units called amino acids, made up of C,H,O,N |
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bonded together, peptide bonds, to create very large 3-D molecules...
protein molecules coil around themselves and maintain their shape through positive/negative charges..opposites attract... shape determines strength, strength determines function. |
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contains a sugar, C,H,O, attached to a phosphate unit, P,O, attached to a nitrogen base... either.
adenine N,H
guanine N,H,O
cytosine N,H,O
thymine C,H,N,O |
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chromosome made up of deoxyribose, phosphate, and a nitrogen base. these 3 ingredients make up a neucliotide...
neucleotides form together at the nitrogen bases to create double strands of dna
adenine binds to thymine...always, and
guanine binds to cytosine...always |
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Definition
contains a sugar attached to a phosphate unit attached to a nitrogen base...either
adenine N,H
guanine N,H,O
cytosine N,H,O
uricil N,H,O |
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ribosomes made up of ribose, phosphate, and nitrogen base together = neucleotide...
neucliotides form together at the nitrogen bases to create single strands of rna...
adenine binds to uracil ...always and
guanine binds to cytosine... always |
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| the energy located in the bonds of food molecules is |
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| a form of potential energy, and can ae transformed to the bonds of atp. |
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| kinetic energy, molecular movement, infrared radiation, and thermal energy |
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| whenever energy is transformed.. |
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| the amout of useful energy decreases, and some energy is lost as heat. |
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| an electrically charged atom, or group of atoms... |
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| anything that takes up space and has mass (weight) |
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| a unique substance composed of atoms having the same atomic number |
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| negatively charged particles, forming part of an atom |
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| subatomic particles that determine an atoms chemical behavior, or bonding ability |
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| the smallest particle of a compound, formed when atoms combine chemically |
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| positively charged particles forming part of an atom |
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| the name given to the electron shell that contains the most reactive electrons |
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| subatomic particles responsible for most of an atoms mass 2 anwers |
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true or false
Na+ and K+ are needed for nerve cells to conduct electrical impulses? |
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true or false
the atomic number of oxygen is 8, therefore oxygen atoms always contain 8 neutrons? |
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| false... oxygen atoms always contain 8 protons. |
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true or false
the greater the distance of an electron from the nucleus, the less energy it has? |
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| false the greater the distance from the nucleus, the greater energy it has |
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true or false
electrons are located in more or less designated areas of space around the nucleus called orbitals |
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true or false
an unstable atom that decomposes and emits energy is called retroactive? |
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| false there called radioactive |
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true or false
iron is necessary for oxygen transport in red blood cells |
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true or false
the most abundant negative ion in extracellular fluid is calcium? |
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| false the most abundant negative ion in extracellular fluid is chorine |
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true or false
the element essential for the production of thyroid hormones is magnesium. |
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| false iodine is the element essential for thyroid hormone production |
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true or false
calcium is found as a salt in bones and teeth. |
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which of the following are inorganic compounds or substances:
carbon dioxide fats
oxygen KCL
proteins glucose
H2O DNA |
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| carbon dioxide, oxygen, KCL, and H2O |
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| what are the building blocks of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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| what are the building blocks of fat? |
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Definition
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| what are the building blocks of protein? |
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Definition
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| what are the building blocks of nucleic acids |
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| cellular cytoplasm is primarily composed of what substance |
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| the single most important fuel source for body cells are |
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| monosaccharides, or carbohydrates |
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| include collagen and hemoglobin |
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| the alpha helix and beta pleated sheet are bothe examples of the secondary structure of these molecules |
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| allows ions to take part in other chemical reactions |
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| made of only one type of atom |
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| includes sugars, starch, and glycogen |
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| the value that indicates acidity or alkalinity |
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| decreased the concentration of H+ ions |
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| speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
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| inorganic chemicals needed by the body in small amounts |
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| energy production within cells |
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| bond that holds ions together |
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| will catalyze only one type reaction |
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| smallest part of and element |
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| sharing of electrons between atoms forms a |
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| increases the concentration of H+ ions |
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| include true fats and steroids |
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| 35 o/o of the bodys total water |
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