Term
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Definition
The posterior (dorsal) surface of the spinal
cord's shallow longitudinal groove |
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Term
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Definition
| a deeper groove along the anterior (ventral) surface of the spinal cord |
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Term
| enlargements of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| where gray matter is greatest in the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
supplies nerves to
the shoulder and upper limbs |
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Term
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Definition
provides
innervation to structures of the pelvis and lower limbs |
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Term
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Definition
This region of the spinal cord is inferior
to the lumbar enlargement where the spinal cord becomes
tapered and conical |
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Term
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Definition
(“terminal thread”), a slender strand of fibrous
tissue, extends from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris.
provides longitudinal support to
the spinal cord as a component of the coccygeal ligament |
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Term
| The spinal cord is divided into how many segments? |
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Definition
| 31- divided on the basis of the origins of spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
Contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
Every spinal segment is associated with a pair.
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Term
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Definition
Axons from the dorsal root ganglia's cell bodies form the ,
which bring sensory
information into the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
contain the axons of motor neurons that extend into the periphery
to control somatic and visceral effectors |
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Term
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Definition
sensory and motor roots bind together distal to each dorsal root ganglion to form a single .
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Term
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Definition
contain both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers
(spinal nerves are classified as .) |
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Term
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Definition
a series of specialized membranes surrounding
the spinal cord, provide the necessary physical stability
and shock absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| spinal meninges are continuous with the . |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation
of the meningeal membranes. Meningitis is dangerous because
it can disrupt the normal circulation of cerebrospinal fluid,
damaging or killing neurons and neuroglia |
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Term
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Definition
tough, fibrous. is the layer that forms the outermost covering of the
spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
a region that contains areolar tissue, blood vessels,
and a protective padding of adipose tissue.
between
the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal. |
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Term
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Definition
Within the sacral canal, the
spinal dura mater tapers from a sheath to a dense cord of collagen
fibers that blends with components of the filum terminale
to form . |
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Term
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Definition
separates the dura mater from deeper meningeal layers.
may not even exist in a living person. |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle meningeal layer. |
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Term
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Definition
between the
arachnoid membrane and the outer surface of the pia mater. |
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Term
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
fills subarachnoid space, ventricles of the brain and the central canal.
Acts as a shock
absorber and a diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products |
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Term
| lumbar puncture or spinal tap |
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Definition
involves the insertion of a needle
into the subarachnoid space in the inferior lumbar region |
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Term
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Definition
innermost meningeal layer, consists of a meshwork of
elastic and collagen fibers that is firmly bound to the underlying
neural tissue |
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Term
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Definition
involves the
introduction of anesthetics into the epidural
space of the sacrum. Injection at this site paralyzes and
anesthetizes lower abdominal and perineal structures. |
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Term
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Definition
local anesthetics introduced as a single dose
into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
extend from the pia mater through the arachnoid
mater to the dura mater.
originate along either side of the spinal cord,
prevent lateral (side-to-side) movement. |
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Term
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Definition
areas of gray matter on each
side of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| are masses of gray matter within the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
receive and relay sensory information
from peripheral receptors |
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Term
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Definition
issue motor commands
to peripheral effectors. |
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Term
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Definition
| contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| contain somatic motor nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
located only in the thoracic and
lumbar segments, contain visceral motor nuclei. |
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Term
| posterior and anterior gray commissures |
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Definition
(a joining together) posterior to and anterior
to the central canal, contain axons that cross from one side
of the cord to the other before they reach an area in the gray matter |
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Term
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Definition
The white matter on each side of the spinal cord can be divided
into three regions called . |
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Term
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Definition
lie between the posterior gray
horns and the posterior median sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
lie between the anterior gray horns and the anterior
median fissure |
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Term
| anterior white commissure, |
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Definition
a region where axons
cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other. |
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Term
| 5 components of reflex arc |
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Definition
receptor
sensory neuron
integrating center
motor neuron
effector |
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Term
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Definition
rapid, automatic responses to specific
stimuli. Reflexes preserve homeostasis by making rapid adjustments
in the function of organs or organ systems |
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Term
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Definition
The “wiring” of a single reflex
begins at a receptor and ends at a peripheral effector, such as a muscle fiber or a gland cell |
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Term
| 4 important spinal reflexes |
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Definition
plantar flexion reflex
patellar reflex |
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Term
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Definition
provide a mechanism for the involuntary
control of the muscular system
ex: knee jerk reflex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
reflexes where interconnections and processing
events occur in the spinal cord.
ex: somatic and autonomic |
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Term
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Definition
| reflexes processed in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of gray matter covering the surfaces of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
the name given to the superficial layer of
neural cortex that covers the cerebrum and forms the gyri and sulci. |
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Term
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Definition
adjusts ongoing movements by comparing arriving
sensations with previously experienced sensations, allowing
you to perform the same movements over and over. (coordination) |
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Term
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Definition
composed of the left thalamus and right thalamus
Each thalamus contains relay and processing
centers for sensory information.
structural and functional link between
the cerebral hemispheres and the components of the
brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
floor of the diencephalon, contains centers involved
with emotions, autonomic function, and hormone production.
•Major regulator of homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
connected to hypothalmus by infundibulum
The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are responsible for the integration of the nervous and endocrine systems |
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Term
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Definition
contains a variety of important
processing centers and nuclei that relay information headed to or from the cerebrum or cerebellum
includes
the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. |
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Term
| midbrain, or mesencephalon |
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Definition
contains nuclei that
process visual and auditory information and control
reflexes triggered by these stimuli. For example, your
immediate, reflexive responses to a loud, unexpected noise
(eye movements and head turning |
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Term
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Definition
connects the cerebellum to the brain
stem (pons is Latin for “bridge”). |
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Term
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Definition
where the spinal cord connects to the brain
relays sensory information to the thalamus and to centers in other portions of the brain stem
also
contains major centers that regulate autonomic function,
such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Scattered nuclei in medulla, pons & midbrain
•Reticular activating system
–alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken from sleep
–maintains consciousness & helps keep you awake
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Term
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Definition
| central area of cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| relay station for olfactory reflexes |
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Term
| lobes and fissures of the cerebrum |
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Definition
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Term
| left hemisphere functions |
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Definition
spoken language
numerical and scientific skill
ability to understand sign language
reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
musical and artistic awareness
space and pattern perception
recognition of faces and emotional content of facial expressions
generating mental images to compare spatial relationships |
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Term
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Definition
i. olfactory
ii. optic
iii. oculomotor
iv. trochlear
v. trigeminal
vi. abducens
vii. facial
viii. vestibulocochlear
ix. glossopharyngeal
x. vagus
xi. accessory
xii. hypoglossal
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Term
Name the neurotransmitters for the sympathetic division of the ANS (both pre and post ganglionic signals)
Name the neurotransmitters for the parasympathetic division of the ANS (pre and post ganglionic signals)
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Definition
SNS: Preganglion - ACh (acetylcholine)
Postganglionic - Norepinephrine
PSNS: Preganglionic - ACh (acetylcholine)
Postganglionic - ACh (acetylcholine) |
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Term
What is the spinal origin of the sympathetic nervous system?
Parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
Sympathetic: Thoracolumbar
Parasympathetic: Craniosacral |
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Term
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Definition
regulates activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands.
receives input from limbic system
unconscious/involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
parasympathetic- rest and digest
sympathetic- fight or flight |
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Term
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Definition
| thoraco-lumbar origin in spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| cranial sacral origin in spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
neurons release ach from preganglionic neurons and from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.
ACH quickly inactivated by the enzyme ACHE. |
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Term
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Definition
release norepinephrine (postganglionic sympathetic neurons only) excites or inhibits organs depending on receptors
Alpha1 beta1 receptors produce excitation
alpha 2 beta 2 receptors cause inhibition
beta 3 thermogenesis
NE lingers in synaptic cleft for longer than ACH |
|
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Term
| monoamine oxidase (MAO) or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) |
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Definition
| NE is enzymatically inactivated by or . |
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Term
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Definition
cell body in brain or spinal cord
axon is myelinated type B fiber |
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Term
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Definition
cell boby lies outside the CNS in an autonomic ganglion
axon is unmyelinated type C fiber. |
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Term
| parasympathetic cranial nerves |
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Definition
oculomotor (III)
Facial(VII)
Glossopharyngeal(IX)
vagus(x) |
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Term
| center is lower in the brain (hypothalmus) |
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Definition
| why are you not aware of autonomic responses? |
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