Term
| What is the role of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
Coordinates all body systems
Nerves carry messages in form of electrical signals |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What system coordinates all body systems & carries messages in the form of electrical signals? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the basic tasks of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| Detect stimuli, Integration, Respond |
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Term
| How does the integration process work in the nervous system? |
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Definition
| 1) Information organized & interpreted to develop a (2) Response |
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Term
| How does the nervous system respond to stimuli? |
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Definition
| Directions relayed to effector organs (muscles or glands) |
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Term
| What are effector organs & what do they do? |
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Definition
| (Muscle & glands) make some change in the body (can do "stuff/something") |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the nervous system & what does each division include? |
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Definition
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain & Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Cranial & Spinal Nerve |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous systems (PNS)? |
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Definition
Afferent: (Sensory) information going towards something central (CNS)
Efferent: (Motor)
Responds to Afferent information going away from something central |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the Afferent (sensory) information? |
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Definition
Somatic portion (receptors in skin, muscles & joints)
Visceral portion (internal organs) |
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Term
| What what the subdivisions of the efferent (motor) nervous system? |
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Definition
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary (free will) & skeletal muscles as effectors
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary (no free will) & glands, smooth & cardiac muscles as effectors |
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Term
| Describe the somatic nervous system of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? |
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Definition
Voluntary (free will)
Effectors: Skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Describe the autonomic nervous system of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? |
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Definition
Involuntary (no free will)
Effectors: Glands, smooth & cardiac muscles |
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Term
| What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
Sympathetic Nervous System
("fight or flight")
Parasympathetic Nervous System
("rest & digest") |
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Term
| The brain & spinal cord are part of what system? |
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Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Term
| The cranial & spinal nerves are part of what system? |
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Definition
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Term
| What does the somatic portion of the Afferent (sensory) division contain? |
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Definition
| Receipts in skin, muscles & joints |
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Term
| What does the visceral portion of Afferent sensory division contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the effectors for the somatic nervous system of the efferent division? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the effectors for the autonomic nervous system of the efferent division? |
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Definition
| Glands, smooth & cardiac muscles |
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Term
| What system have free will & no free will? |
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Definition
Somatic nervous system of the efferent division has FREE WILL
Autonomic nervous system of the efferent division has NO FREE WILL |
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Term
| What is the sympathetic nervous system part of & A.K.A? |
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Definition
"Fight or Flight"
Autonomic Nervous System of the Efferent division |
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Term
| What is the parasympathetic nervous system part of & A.K.A? |
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Definition
"Rest & Digest"
Autonomic Nervous System of he efferent division |
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Term
| Divide the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Divide the Afferent division of the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
Somatic (voluntary) division
Skin, muscles, joints
&
Visceral division |
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Term
| Divide the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system? |
|
Definition
Somatic (voluntary) division
Skeletal muscles
&
Autonomic (visceral) division
Glands, smooth & cardiac muscles |
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Term
| What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
Parasympathetic ("Rest & Digest")
Sympathetic ("Fight or Flight") |
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Term
| What are the functional cells of the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is part of the cell body of the neuron? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Dendr: Tree
Usually short & branching Afferent receptors (numbers may vary) |
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Term
| What is the most common form of neuron? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How many dendrites are there on a neuron? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 plasma extension leave the cell body (may be long) that communicate with other neurons or effects organs via synapses |
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Term
| What part of the neuron communicates with other neurons? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Fatty wrapping Insulation & protection around the axon produced by Schwann cells |
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Term
| Where would myelinated axons be located? |
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Definition
Myelinated Axons: White matter
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral |
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Term
| What produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What produce myelin in the central nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outermost membrane of he Scheann cell |
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Term
| What are nodes of ranvier? |
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Definition
| Unmyelinayed gaps between Schwann cells |
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Term
| What is the neurolemma part of? |
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Definition
| The mechanism that allows some peripheral nerve repair when injured |
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Term
| How can damaged cell fibers regenerate? |
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Definition
| May regenerate by growing into the sleeve (myelin sheath) formed by the neurolemma |
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Term
| What neurons may have permanent damage if injured? |
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Definition
Myelinated neurons by oligodendricytes of the Central Nervous System
(have no neurolemma) |
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Term
| Explain the repair process of the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the function of the sensory (Afferent) neurons? |
|
Definition
Conduct impulses to spinal cord & brain
(mostly unipolar neurons & some bipolar neurons) |
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Term
| What is the function of motor (efferent) neurons? |
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Definition
| Multipolar neurons that conducts impulses to muscles & glands |
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Term
| What is the function of interferons? |
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Definition
| Multipolar neurons that relay information from place to place within Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A bundle of neuron fibers in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A bundle of neuron fibers in the Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the endometrium do? |
|
Definition
| Surrounds an individual fiber |
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Term
| What does the Perineurium do? |
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Definition
| Surrounds a fascicle (group of neuron fibers within a nerve) |
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Term
| What does the epineurium do? |
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Definition
| Surrounds the whole nerve |
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Term
| How many sensory fibers do cranial nerves have? |
|
Definition
A few cranial nerves have only sensory fibers (sensory or Afferent nerves)
3 |
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Term
| How many motor fibers do cranial nerves have? |
|
Definition
A few cranial nerves have only motor fibers (motor or efferent nerves)
5 |
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Term
| How many cranial nerves have 2-way (both sensory & motor fibers)? |
|
Definition
All "other nerves" have both sensory & motor neurons
(mixed nerves)
4 |
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|
Term
| What is the ration of neuroglia to neurons? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the cell types of the Central Nervous System (CNS)? |
|
Definition
Oligodendricytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells |
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Term
| What are the cell types of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? |
|
Definition
Schwann cells
Satellite cells |
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Term
| What do Oligodendrocytes look like? |
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Definition
| Small, highly branched cells part of the Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Term
| What do Astrocytes look like? |
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Definition
| Star shaped, part of the Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Term
| What do microglia look like? |
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Definition
| Very small cells, part of the Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Term
| What do ependymal cells look like? |
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Definition
| Cuboidal or low columnar epithelial cells with cilia & microvilli, part of the Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Term
| What is the function of oligodendrocytes? |
|
Definition
| Produce the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS |
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Term
| What is the function of microglia? |
|
Definition
1) Aid in repair
2) Active during inflammation in the brain; microglia "turn into" phagocytes that remove pathogens & cellular debris |
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Term
| What is he function of ependymal cells? |
|
Definition
1)Lines the ventricles (chambers) in the brain & help produce CFS (cerebral spinal fluid)
2) Lines the central canal of the spinal cord
(produce & circulate cerebral spinal fluid) |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the Schwann cells? |
|
Definition
| Form the myelin sheath & neurilemma |
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Term
| What is the function of satellite cells? |
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Definition
| Support neurons in ganglia (groups of neuron cell bodies), such as the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves |
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Term
| Define electrically polarized |
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Definition
| More negative ions inside the cell than outside |
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Term
| How can different concentrations of ions influence action potentials? |
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Definition
| Higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell & potassium ions inside |
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Term
|
Definition
| ATP transporter molecule moves objects against their concentration gradient |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| High concentrations travel to low concentration through a membrane (NO ATP uses) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Atom with electrical charge |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Atom with positive (+) electrical charge |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Atom with a negative (-) electrical charge |
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|
Term
| Define threshold stimulus |
|
Definition
| A stimulus of adequate force to produce an action potential |
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Term
| What are the events of action potential in a plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| Depolarization, reverse polarization, re-polarization |
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Term
| During depolarization, what membrane channels open? |
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Definition
| Sodium channels in the plasma membrane open |
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|
Term
| What diffuses during depolarization & where? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What becomes positive during depolarization? |
|
Definition
| Cell's interior becomes increasingly positive |
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|
Term
| Where does sodium diffuse during depolarization? |
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Definition
| Sodium (Na+) diffuses in so the cell's interior becomes increasingly positive |
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|
Term
| Sodium channels open during what event during action potentials? |
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Definition
| Sodium channels in the plasma membrane open during depolarization |
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|
Term
| What occurs during reverse polarization? |
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Definition
| Cells interior becomes increasingly more positive than exterior, so the sodium channels begin closing |
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|
Term
| During which event of an action potential do sodium channels begin closing? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What closes & opens during re-polarization? |
|
Definition
Sodium (Na+) channels close
Potassium (K) channels open
(Potassium diffuses out) |
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|
Term
| What occurs during re-polarization? |
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Definition
| Sodium (Na+) channels close while potassium (K) channels open, so potassium diffuses out |
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|
Term
| During which event of an action potential does potassium diffuse out? |
|
Definition
Re-polarization
Sodium (Na+) channels close while Potassium (K) channels open |
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Term
| What occurs during the return of the resting state during an action potential? |
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Definition
| Sodium potassium pump returns membrane to resting state via active transport (Sodium [Na] pumped back out while potassium [K+] is pumped in) |
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Term
| During which events of an action potential is passive transport active? |
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Definition
| Depolarization, reverse polarization & re-polarization |
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|
Term
| During which event is active transport used in an action potential? |
|
Definition
| Returning to resting state |
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|
Term
| Define membrane potential |
|
Definition
| Extra cellular fluid is positively charged & Intracellular fluid is negatively charged at rest |
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|
Term
| How much time does an action potential take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period of time during which a point on the cell membrane is recovering from depolarization (re-polarizing) |
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|
Term
| What occurs between depolarization & depolarization? |
|
Definition
Sodium channels close
Potassium channels open |
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|
Term
| Define absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| At 1st, it cannot respond to a 2nd stimulus (no matter how strong) |
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|
Term
| Define relative refractory period |
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Definition
| As the cell membrane gets closer to the resting state, it can respond to a stimulus that is stronger than a normal threshold |
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|
Term
| Describe an action potential propagation |
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Definition
| Action potential is propagated along the membrane (axon) as a wave of electrical current |
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|
Term
| Explain "All-or-nothing" principle |
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Definition
| Once a threshold stimulus has generated an action potential in a neuron, that action potential must be conducted along the entire length of the neuron |
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Term
| How fast can a action potential travel down Un-myelinated fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How fast can a action potential travel down myelinated fibers? |
|
Definition
| Saltatory conduction can travel 300 miles an hour |
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Term
| Describe how an action potential travels down a un-myelinated fiber? |
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Definition
| The action potential spreads continuously along the cell's membrane (axon) |
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Term
| Describe how an action potential travels down a myelinated fiber? |
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Definition
| Myelin insulates the fiber against the spread of current so the action potential travels faster from node to node (nodes of Ranvier) through the myelin sheath, increasing the speed of impulse |
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Term
|
Definition
| Junction point for transmitting nerve impulses from neuron to another cell |
|
|
Term
| What is a presynaptic & post synaptic parts of a neuron? |
|
Definition
Axon (presynaptic) releases neurotransmitters via the synapses at the synaptic cleft
Dendrites (post synaptic) binds neurotransmitter via receptors |
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Term
| What occurs after the action potential reaches the terminal ends of the axon? |
|
Definition
| Vesicles in the end bulbs of the synapses release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft |
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Term
| What occurs before Vesicles in the end bulbs of the synapses release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft? |
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Definition
| Action potential reaches the terminal ends of the axon |
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Term
| What occurs after vesicles in the end bulbs of the synapses release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft? |
|
Definition
| Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft |
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Term
| What occurs before Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft? |
|
Definition
| Vesicles in the end bulbs of the synapses release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft |
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|
Term
| What occurs after Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft? |
|
Definition
| Neurotransmitters react with receptors on the post synaptic membrane |
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|
Term
| What occurs before the neurotransmitters react with receptors on the post synaptic membrane |
|
Definition
| Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft |
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|
Term
| What are some common neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
Epinephrine & norepinephrine (adrenaline)
Seratonin (happiness)
Dopamine (feel good)
Acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter communicates with skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of effect will a neurotransmitter have on a post synaptic cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How may neurotransmitter be removed from the synaptic cleft? |
|
Definition
1) Diffuse away from the synapse
2) Destroyed by enzymes in the synaptic cleft
3) Return to the presynaptic cell to be reused (re-uptake)
4) Removed by neuroglial cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the space between a synapse & post synaptic cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A complete pathway through the nervous system from stimulus to response
(the nervous system's basic functional pathway) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the sensory neuron? |
|
Definition
| Transmits nerve impulses to Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Term
| What is the function of the Central Nervous System (CNS) interneuron? |
|
Definition
| Coordinates nerve impulses & organizes responses |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a motor neuron? |
|
Definition
| Transmit nerve impulses away from Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of an effector? |
|
Definition
| Receives nerve impulses from Central Nervous System (CNS) & carries out the response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transmits nerve impulses to the Central Nervous System (CNS)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What coordinates nerve impulses & organizes responses? |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) interneuron |
|
|
Term
| What transmits nerve impulses away from the Central Nervous System (CNS)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receives nerve impulses from Central Nervous System (CNS) & carries out responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs after the rector detects a stimulus? |
|
Definition
| Sensory neuron transmits impulse to the Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs before the sensory neuron transmits impulse to the Central Nervous System (CNS)? |
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Definition
| Receptor detects stimulus |
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Term
| What occurs after the sensory neuron transmits impulse to the Central Nervous System (CNS)? |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) organizes response |
|
|
Term
| What occurs before the Central Nerves System (CNS) organizes a response? |
|
Definition
| Sensory neuron transmits impulse to the Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after the Central Nervous System (CNS) organizes a response? |
|
Definition
| Motor neuron sends impulses away from Central Nerves System (CNS) to effector |
|
|
Term
| What occurs before the motor neuron sends impulses away from Central Nerves System (CNS) to effector? |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) organizes a response |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after the motor neuron sends impulses away from Central Nerves System (CNS) to effector? |
|
Definition
| Effector carries out response |
|
|
Term
| What occurs before the effector caddies out response? |
|
Definition
| Motor neuron sends impulses away from Central Nerves System (CNS) to effector |
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Term
|
Definition
Dorsal
Afferent
Sensory
Incoming
Posterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ventral
Efferent
Motor
Outgoing
Anterior |
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|
Term
| What does Mnemonic refer to? |
|
Definition
| Refers to pathways to & from spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| How does the body receive a stimulus? |
|
Definition
| Sensory information enters the spinal cord through the dorsal horn (a posterior projection of the gray matter in the central portion of the spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
| How does the body send out information after receiving it? |
|
Definition
| Motor impulses leave the spinal cord through the central horn (an anterior projection of the gray matter in the central portion of the spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
| Describe how reflexes are specific? |
|
Definition
| A given stimulus always produces the same response |
|
|
Term
| What makes a reflex slower? |
|
Definition
| The more synapses in a reflex pathway, the slower it is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid, uncomplicated & autonomic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Simple reflex arcs that pass through the spinal cord alone, without involving the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is a knee-jerking reflex? |
|
Definition
| Stretch reflex, in which a muscle is stretched & responds by contracting |
|
|
Term
| What do somatic reflexes control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of somatic reflexes? |
|
Definition
| Patellar reflex & the withdrawal (flexor) reflex |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of autonomic reflexes? |
|
Definition
| Salivary reflex & pupillary reflex |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Glands, smooth & cardiac muscles |
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|
