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A&P
210
352
Biology
Undergraduate 2
08/17/2012

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
1. What is the study of the structure of the body?
Definition
1. anatomy
Term
2. What is the study of the functions of the body?
Definition
2. physiology
Term
3. What is the sum of all the physical and chemical reactions occurring in the body?
Definition
3. metabolism
Term
4. What describes the relatively constant conditions of the internal environment of the body?
Definition
4. homeostasis
Term
5. What mechanism controls homeostasis?
Definition
5. negative feedback
Term
6. List the levels of organization form simplest to most complex.
Definition
6. chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Term
7. What are the four main organic compounds?
Definition
7. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Term
8. What are the four main inorganic compounds?
Definition
8. water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals (inorganic salts)
Term
9. What is the basic structural and functional unit of the body?
Definition
9. cell
Term
10. Are all cells in the body alike?
Definition
10. no; they vary in shape and size
Term
11. What is made up of similar cells grouped together?
Definition
11. tissues
Term
12. What are the four kinds of tissues in the body?
Definition
12. epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Term
13. What is made up of two or more different tissues that work together?
Definition
13. organ
Term
14. What is the highest level of organization?
Definition
14. organism
Term
15. Do all eleven systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
Definition
15. yes
Term
16. What are the organs of the integumentary system?
Definition
16. skin, nails, hair, glands
Term
17. List 5 functions of the integumentary system.
Definition
17. sensations; protection; excretion; temperature regulation; vitamin D synthesis
Term
18. List 4 functions of the skeletal system.
Definition
18. support (shape and framework); protect internal organs; blood cell production; mineral storage
Term
19. What are three types of muscle tissue in the muscle system?
Definition
19. skeletal muscle tissue; cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue
Term
20. What are three functions of the muscle system?
Definition
20. movement; maintain posture; heat production
Term
21. What are the organs in the nervous system?
Definition
21. brain; spinal cord; cranial nerves; spinal nerves
Term
22. What are the functions of the nervous system?
Definition
22. regulate and coordinate body activities; detect changes in internal and external environments; interpret sensory information
Term
23. List some of the major organs of the endocrine system.
Definition
23. hypothalamus; pituitary gland; pineal gland; thyroid gland; parathyroid gland; thymus; adrenal gland; pancreas; testes, ovaries
Term
24. What is the function of the endocrine system?
Definition
24. regulate and coordinate body activities through hormones
Term
25. What are the organs of the cardiovascular system?
Definition
25. heart, blood vessels, blood
Term
26. What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
Definition
26. transport food, oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide and other waste products; aid regulating body temperature; protection through white blood cells (WBC)
Term
27. What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
Definition
27. bone, lymph, lymph vessels, lymph node, spleen, thymus
Term
28. What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Definition
28. defensive; produces WBC; returns excess tissue fluid to the blood
Term
29. What are the organs of the respiratory system?
Definition
29. nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
Term
30. What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Definition
30. exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide; regulates pH
Term
31. What are the organs of the digestive system?
Definition
31. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
Term
32. What are the functions of the digestive system?
Definition
32. digestion and absorption of nutrients; eliminate waste
Term
33. What are the organs of the urinary system?
Definition
33. kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Term
34. What is the function of the urinary system?
Definition
34. regulation of the composition of plasma in the blood through controlled excretion of organic wastes, salts and water
Term
35. What are the organs of the reproductive system?
Definition
35. testes, ducts, glands, ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Term
36. What is the main function of the reproductive system?
Definition
36. continuation of the species
Term
37. Which plane divides the body into right and left portions?
Definition
37. sagittal
Term
38. Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Definition
38. coronal (frontal)
Term
39. Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
Definition
39. transverse (horizontal)
Term
40. Which direction is towards the head?
Definition
40. superior
Term
41. Which direction is towards the feet?
Definition
41. inferior
Term
42. Which direction is towards the front of the body?
Definition
42. anterior (ventral)
Term
43. Which direction is towards the back of the body?
Definition
43. posterior (dorsal)
Term
44. Which direction is towards the middle of the body?
Definition
44. medial
Term
45. Which direction is towards the edge of the body?
Definition
45. lateral
Term
46. Which direction is closer to the trunk?
Definition
46. proximal
Term
47. Which direction is farther away from the trunk?
Definition
47. distal
Term
48. When do you use the directional terms proximal and distal?
Definition
48. when referring to positions on appendages
Term
49. Which direction is towards the surface of the skin?
Definition
49. superficial
Term
50. Which direction is towards the interior of the body?
Definition
50. deep
Term
51. What two cavities make up the dorsal cavity?
Definition
51. cranial and spinal (vertebral) cavities
Term
52. What cavity contains the brain?
Definition
52. cranial cavity
Term
53. What cavity contains the spinal cord?
Definition
53. vertebral (spinal) cavity
Term
54. What three major cavities make up the ventral cavity?
Definition
54. thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
Term
55. The thoracic cavity is made up of three cavities, what are they?
Definition
55. right pleural cavity, left pleural cavity, pericardial cavity
Term
56. What cavity contains the right lung?
Definition
56. right pleural cavity
Term
57. What cavity contains the left lung?
Definition
57. left pleural cavity
Term
58. What cavity contains the heart?
Definition
58. pericardial cavity
Term
59. What is the region that contains the heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus and aorta?
Definition
59. mediastinum
Term
60. What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal-pelvic cavity?
Definition
60. diaphragm
Term
61. What is another name for the abdominal-pelvic cavity?
Definition
61. peritoneal cavity
Term
62. What cavity contains the stomach, liver and spleen?
Definition
62. abdominal cavity
Term
63. What cavity contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs of the female?
Definition
63. pelvic cavity
Term
64. What membrane is found immediately on the lungs?
Definition
64. visceral pleura
Term
65. What membrane lines the cavity that houses the lungs?
Definition
65. parietal pleura
Term
66. What membrane is immediately on the heart?
Definition
66. visceral pericardium
Term
67. What membrane lines the cavity that houses the heart?
Definition
67. parietal pericardium
Term
68. What membrane is immediately on the liver, stomach and bladder?
Definition
68. visceral peritoneum
Term
69. What membrane lines the cavity that houses the liver, stomach and bladder?
Definition
69. parietal peritoneum
Term
70. What part of the body contains the head, neck and trunk?
Definition
70. axial portion
Term
71. What part of the body contains the arms and the legs?
Definition
71. appendicular portion
Term
72. In which part of the body are the visceral organs found?
Definition
72. axial portion
Term
73. In which part of the body are all the body cavities found?
Definition
73. axial portion
Term
1. What is the study of the structure of the body?
Definition
1. anatomy
Term
2. What is the study of the functions of the body?
Definition
2. physiology
Term
3. What is the sum of all the physical and chemical reactions occurring in the body?
Definition
3. metabolism
Term
4. What describes the relatively constant conditions of the internal environment of the body?
Definition
4. homeostasis
Term
5. What mechanism controls homeostasis?
Definition
5. negative feedback
Term
6. List the levels of organization form simplest to most complex.
Definition
6. chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Term
7. What are the four main organic compounds?
Definition
7. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Term
8. What are the four main inorganic compounds?
Definition
8. water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals (inorganic salts)
Term
9. What is the basic structural and functional unit of the body?
Definition
9. cell
Term
10. Are all cells in the body alike?
Definition
10. no; they vary in shape and size
Term
11. What is made up of similar cells grouped together?
Definition
11. tissues
Term
12. What are the four kinds of tissues in the body?
Definition
12. epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Term
13. What is made up of two or more different tissues that work together?
Definition
13. organ
Term
14. What is the highest level of organization?
Definition
14. organism
Term
15. Do all eleven systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
Definition
15. yes
Term
16. What are the organs of the integumentary system?
Definition
16. skin, nails, hair, glands
Term
17. List 5 functions of the integumentary system.
Definition
17. sensations; protection; excretion; temperature regulation; vitamin D synthesis
Term
18. List 4 functions of the skeletal system.
Definition
18. support (shape and framework); protect internal organs; blood cell production; mineral storage
Term
19. What are three types of muscle tissue in the muscle system?
Definition
19. skeletal muscle tissue; cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue
Term
20. What are three functions of the muscle system?
Definition
20. movement; maintain posture; heat production
Term
21. What are the organs in the nervous system?
Definition
21. brain; spinal cord; cranial nerves; spinal nerves
Term
22. What are the functions of the nervous system?
Definition
22. regulate and coordinate body activities; detect changes in internal and external environments; interpret sensory information
Term
23. List some of the major organs of the endocrine system.
Definition
23. hypothalamus; pituitary gland; pineal gland; thyroid gland; parathyroid gland; thymus; adrenal gland; pancreas; testes, ovaries
Term
24. What is the function of the endocrine system?
Definition
24. regulate and coordinate body activities through hormones
Term
25. What are the organs of the cardiovascular system?
Definition
25. heart, blood vessels, blood
Term
26. What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
Definition
26. transport food, oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide and other waste products; aid regulating body temperature; protection through white blood cells (WBC)
Term
27. What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
Definition
27. bone, lymph, lymph vessels, lymph node, spleen, thymus
Term
28. What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Definition
28. defensive; produces WBC; returns excess tissue fluid to the blood
Term
29. What are the organs of the respiratory system?
Definition
29. nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
Term
30. What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Definition
30. exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide; regulates pH
Term
31. What are the organs of the digestive system?
Definition
31. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
Term
32. What are the functions of the digestive system?
Definition
32. digestion and absorption of nutrients; eliminate waste
Term
33. What are the organs of the urinary system?
Definition
33. kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Term
34. What is the function of the urinary system?
Definition
34. regulation of the composition of plasma in the blood through controlled excretion of organic wastes, salts and water
Term
35. What are the organs of the reproductive system?
Definition
35. testes, ducts, glands, ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Term
36. What is the main function of the reproductive system?
Definition
36. continuation of the species
Term
37. Which plane divides the body into right and left portions?
Definition
37. sagittal
Term
38. Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Definition
38. coronal (frontal)
Term
39. Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
Definition
39. transverse (horizontal)
Term
40. Which direction is towards the head?
Definition
40. superior
Term
41. Which direction is towards the feet?
Definition
41. inferior
Term
42. Which direction is towards the front of the body?
Definition
42. anterior (ventral)
Term
43. Which direction is towards the back of the body?
Definition
43. posterior (dorsal)
Term
44. Which direction is towards the middle of the body?
Definition
44. medial
Term
45. Which direction is towards the edge of the body?
Definition
45. lateral
Term
46. Which direction is closer to the trunk?
Definition
46. proximal
Term
47. Which direction is farther away from the trunk?
Definition
47. distal
Term
48. When do you use the directional terms proximal and distal?
Definition
48. when referring to positions on appendages
Term
49. Which direction is towards the surface of the skin?
Definition
49. superficial
Term
50. Which direction is towards the interior of the body?
Definition
50. deep
Term
51. What two cavities make up the dorsal cavity?
Definition
51. cranial and spinal (vertebral) cavities
Term
52. What cavity contains the brain?
Definition
52. cranial cavity
Term
53. What cavity contains the spinal cord?
Definition
53. vertebral (spinal) cavity
Term
54. What three major cavities make up the ventral cavity?
Definition
54. thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
Term
55. The thoracic cavity is made up of three cavities, what are they?
Definition
55. right pleural cavity, left pleural cavity, pericardial cavity
Term
56. What cavity contains the right lung?
Definition
56. right pleural cavity
Term
57. What cavity contains the left lung?
Definition
57. left pleural cavity
Term
58. What cavity contains the heart?
Definition
58. pericardial cavity
Term
59. What is the region that contains the heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus and aorta?
Definition
59. mediastinum
Term
60. What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal-pelvic cavity?
Definition
60. diaphragm
Term
61. What is another name for the abdominal-pelvic cavity?
Definition
61. peritoneal cavity
Term
62. What cavity contains the stomach, liver and spleen?
Definition
62. abdominal cavity
Term
63. What cavity contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs of the female?
Definition
63. pelvic cavity
Term
64. What membrane is found immediately on the lungs?
Definition
64. visceral pleura
Term
65. What membrane lines the cavity that houses the lungs?
Definition
65. parietal pleura
Term
66. What membrane is immediately on the heart?
Definition
66. visceral pericardium
Term
67. What membrane lines the cavity that houses the heart?
Definition
67. parietal pericardium
Term
68. What membrane is immediately on the liver, stomach and bladder?
Definition
68. visceral peritoneum
Term
69. What membrane lines the cavity that houses the liver, stomach and bladder?
Definition
69. parietal peritoneum
Term
70. What part of the body contains the head, neck and trunk?
Definition
70. axial portion
Term
71. What part of the body contains the arms and the legs?
Definition
71. appendicular portion
Term
72. In which part of the body are the visceral organs found?
Definition
72. axial portion
Term
73. In which part of the body are all the body cavities found?
Definition
73. axial portion
Term
1. What has weight and take up space?
Definition
1. matter
Term
2. What is matter composed of?
Definition
2. elements
Term
3. What elements make up 95% of the body?
Definition
3. C, H, O, N
Term
4. Which subatomic particles does the nucleus of an atom contain?
Definition
4. protons, neutrons
Term
5. An orbital of an atom contains which subatomic particles?
Definition
5. electrons
Term
6. What charge does a proton have?
Definition
6. positive
Term
7. What charge does a neutron have?
Definition
7. neutral
Term
8. What charge does an electron have?
Definition
8. negative
Term
9. Does an atom have a charge?
Definition
9. no; same number of protons (positive charges) as the number of electrons (negative charges)
Term
10. The atomic number is equal to the number of what?
Definition
10. protons
Term
11. The number of electrons is equal to the number of what?
Definition
11. protons
Term
12. The atomic weight is equal to what?
Definition
12. number of protons plus the number of neutrons
Term
13. What determines the reactivity of the atom?
Definition
13. the number of electrons in the outermost energy shell (orbit)
Term
14. How many electrons will fill the first shell?
Definition
14. 2
Term
15. How many electrons will fill the second shell?
Definition
15. 8
Term
16. How many electrons will fill the third shell?
Definition
16. 8
Term
17. Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic weight are what?
Definition
17. isotopes
Term
18. Do the isotopes of the same elements all react the same way?
Definition
18. yes; WHY? they have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell
Term
19. When two or more different atoms bind together in a chemical reaction, they are called?
Definition
19. compound
Term
20. When atoms lose or gain electrons to form bonds, this bond is called?
Definition
20. ionic bond
Term
21. When atoms share electrons, this bond is called?
Definition
21. covalent bond
Term
22. When atoms lose or gain electrons and become electrically charged they are called?
Definition
22. ions
Term
23. What is the reaction when reactants combined to form new products (building of molecules) and energy is required? Give two names.
Definition
23. synthesis reaction (anabolism)
Term
24. What is the reaction when compounds break down into smaller parts and energy is released?
Definition
24. decomposition reaction (catabolism)
Term
25. When substances dissociate as they dissolve in water, release ions and conduct an electric current, what are these substances called?
Definition
25. electrolyte
Term
26. List three types of electrolytes.
Definition
26. acid, base, salt
Term
27. What is an electrolyte called when it has a pH of less than 7?
Definition
27. acid
Term
28. What is an electrolyte called when it has a pH of more than 7?
Definition
28. base
Term
29. What is a pH of 7?
Definition
29. neutral
Term
30. What is an example of a substance that has a pH of 7?
Definition
30. distilled water
Term
31. What is the pH range of human blood?
Definition
31. 7.35-7.45
Term
32. What is the pH of human gastric juice?
Definition
32. 2.0
Term
33. What is the organic compound whose main function is to provide energy?
Definition
33. carbohydrates
Term
34. What are three types of CHO (carbohydrates)?
Definition
34. monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Term
35. What are simple sugars called?
Definition
35. monosaccharides
Term
36. Give three examples of monosaccharides.
Definition
36. glucose, fructose, galactose
Term
37. What are two simple sugars bound together called?
Definition
37. disaccharides
Term
38. What is malt sugar?
Definition
38. maltose
Term
39. What monosaccharides make up maltose?
Definition
39. glucose + glucose
Term
40. What is table sugar?
Definition
40. sucrose
Term
41. What monosaccharides make up sucrose?
Definition
41. glucose + fructose
Term
42. What is milk sugar called?
Definition
42. lactose
Term
43. What monosaccharides make up lactose?
Definition
43. glucose + galactose
Term
44. Which organic compounds are insoluble in water?
Definition
44. lipids
Term
45. What is common fat called?
Definition
45. triglycerides
Term
46. What are the building blocks of triglycerides?
Definition
46. a glycerol portion + 3 fatty acid chains
Term
47. What makes up most of the cell membrane?
Definition
47. phospholipids
Term
48. What are the building blocks of phospholipids?
Definition
48. a glycerol portion + 2 fatty acid chains + a phosphate group
Term
49. Cholesterol, bile salts, and some hormones are examples of which lipids?
Definition
49. steroids
Term
50. List the functions of lipids.
Definition
50. energy reserve; insulate; protect; structural component of the cell membrane; bile; structural component of certain hormones
Term
51. What are the building blocks of proteins?
Definition
51. amino acids
Term
52. Which bond holds amino acids together?
Definition
52. peptide bond
Term
53. What is any molecule that is composed of 2 or more amino acids joined together called?
Definition
53. peptide
Term
54. What name is given to any chain of fewer than 15 amino acids?
Definition
54. oligopeptide
Term
55. What name is given to chains of 15 or more amino acids?
Definition
55. polypeptide
Term
56. How many amino acids are there?
Definition
56. 20
Term
57. Name the 4 shapes of proteins.
Definition
57. primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Term
58. What is the drastic conformational change in proteins due to extreme heat or pH called?
Definition
58. denaturing
Term
59. What are the functions of proteins?
Definition
59. structural; cell membranes; enzymes; hormones; antibodies; transport substances; contractile proteins; used for energy
Term
60. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides. What are the building blocks of nucleotides?
Definition
60. a phosphate group + a 5-carbon sugar + an organic nitrogenous base
Term
61. Which nucleic acid is always located only in the nucleus?
Definition
61. DNA
Term
62. What does DNA stand for?
Definition
62. deoxyribonucleic acid
Term
63. Which nucleic acid contains our heredity information?
Definition
63. DNA
Term
64. Name 3 types of RNA.
Definition
64. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Term
65. What does RNA stand for?
Definition
65. ribonucleic acid
Term
66. What is the most abundant compound in the body?
Definition
66. water
Term
67. What is the gas that is necessary for cellular respiration?
Definition
67. oxygen
Term
68. What is the gas that is the waste product of cellular respiration?
Definition
68. carbon dioxide
Term
69. List some examples of minerals.
Definition
69. Na, Cl, K, Ca, Fe
Term
70. What does ATP stand for?
Definition
70. adenosine triphosphate
Term
71. What are the building blocks of ATP?
Definition
71. a nitrogenous base + a 5-carbon sugar (ribose) + 3 high energy phosphate bonds
Term
72. Where is the energy found in ATP?
Definition
72. in the phosphate bonds
Term
73. What is known as the “energy currency” of the cell?
Definition
73. ATP
Term
1. What is the structural and functional unit of the body?
Definition
1. cell
Term
2. What are the two major regions that the cell is divided into?
Definition
2. cytoplasm and nucleus
Term
3. What is composed of organelles suspended in cytosol?
Definition
3. cytoplasm
Term
4. Which part of a cell separates the intercellular fluid from the extracellular fluid?
Definition
4. cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Term
5. Name 3 things that make up most of the cell membrane.
Definition
5. phospholipids bilayer, cholesterol molecules, globular and fibrous proteins
Term
6. Is the cell membrane selectively permeable (semipermeable)?
Definition
6. yes
Term
7. Fibrous proteins act as receptors for hormones, enzymes and antibodies.
Definition
7. true
Term
8. Globular proteins act as channels to regulate ion movement in and out of the cells.
Definition
8. true
Term
9. What is the gel-like fluid between the nucleus and the cell membrane?
Definition
9. cytoplasm
Term
10. What is the largest organelle in the cell?
Definition
10. nucleus
Term
11. What 4 things make up the nucleus?
Definition
11. nuclear envelop, nucleolus, chromatin, nucleoplasm
Term
12. Which structure in the nucleus consists of proteins and DNA?
Definition
12. chromatin
Term
13. Which structure in the nucleus consists of proteins and RNA?
Definition
13. nucleolus
Term
14. Is the nuclear envelope a double membrane?
Definition
14. yes; yes
Term
15. What is the powerhouse of the cell?
Definition
15. mitochondria
Term
16. Where is most of the ATP produced in the cell?
Definition
16. mitochondria
Term
17. Where does aerobic cellular respiration occur in the cell?
Definition
17. mitochondria
Term
18. What is the general formula for cellular respiration?
Definition
18. C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP + heat
Term
19. Where is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
Definition
19. ribosomes
Term
20. Where can you find ribosomes in the cell?
Definition
20. produced in the nucleolus in the nucleus and work in the cytoplasm as free-floating ribosomes or attached to RER
Term
21. What is a network of interconnected flattened sacs that provide a passageway for material to move within the cell?
Definition
21. endoplasmic reticulum
Term
22. What is the answer to question 21 called when ribosomes are attached?
Definition
22. rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Term
23. What is the answer to question 21 called when no ribosomes are attached?
Definition
23. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Term
24. What are the functions of SER?
Definition
24. cholesterol synthesis; fat metabolism; detoxification of drugs
Term
25. What is a stack of 4 to 8 membranes where proteins and CHO are modified, packaged and transported within and exported out of the cell?
Definition
25. Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies)
Term
26. What is a vesicle?
Definition
26. a membrane bound sac
Term
27. What is known as the “garbage disposal” of the cell?
Definition
27. lysosomes
Term
28. Which type of cell will contain large numbers of lysosomes?
Definition
28. white blood cells (WBC)
Term
29. What are short, hair-like structures that extend to the outside of cells that beat rhythmically to move substances across the surface of the cell?
Definition
29. cilia
Term
30. What is a long, whip-like structure that propels a cell?
Definition
30. flagellum
Term
31. Which human cell has a flagellum?
Definition
31. sperm cells
Term
32. List the 4 stages of the somatic cell cycle.
Definition
32. interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, differentiation
Term
33. In which stage does the maintenance and growth of the cell occur?
Definition
33. interphase
Term
34. In which stage does the division of the nucleus occur?
Definition
34. mitosis
Term
35. In which stage does the division of the cytoplasm occur?
Definition
35. cytokinesis
Term
36. In which stage does the cell become a specialized cell?
Definition
36. differentiation
Term
37. How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell?
Definition
37. 46; 23
Term
38. Just before mitosis, what important replications occur during interphase?
Definition
38. chromosomes replicate and centrioles replicate
Term
39. What are the 2 parts of cell division?
Definition
39. mitosis and cytokinesis
Term
40. What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
Definition
40. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Term
41. During which phase of mitosis does the nucleus disappear, chromosomes condense and the centrioles move to opposite poles?
Definition
41. prophase
Term
42. What is DNA called when you cannot see it?
Definition
42. chromatin
Term
43. What is DNA called when you can see it?
Definition
43. chromosome and chromatid
Term
44. What is a duplicated chromosome called?
Definition
44. chromatid
Term
45. What holds the chromatids together?
Definition
45. centromere
Term
46. In which phase do the chromatids meet in the middle of the cell?
Definition
46. metaphase
Term
47. In which phase do the spindle fibers attach to the centromere?
Definition
47. metaphase
Term
48. In which phase are the chromatids pulled apart?
Definition
48. anaphase
Term
49. During which phase does cytoplasmic division begin?
Definition
49. anaphase
Term
50. During which phase do we begin to see two daughter cells?
Definition
50. telophase
Term
51. Which phase is the opposite of prophase?
Definition
51. telophase
Term
52. How are the two sibling (daughter) cells alike?
Definition
52. identical DNA
Term
53. How are the two sibling (daughter) cells different?
Definition
53. cell size can vary and the number of cellular organelles within each daughter cell can vary
Term
54. What is another name for cytokinesis?
Definition
54. cytoplasmic division
Term
55. In which phase does the specialization of cells into different cells occur?
Definition
55. differentiation
Term
56. What is the movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy?
Definition
56. passive transport
Term
57. What are 4 examples of passive transport?
Definition
57. simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, osmosis
Term
58. What is the movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a permeable membrane without the use of energy?
Definition
58. simple diffusion
Term
59. What is the movement of a solution through a selectively permeable membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure and no cellular energy is required?
Definition
59. filtration
Term
60. What is hydrostatic pressure?
Definition
60. the force of a moving liquid
Term
61. What is an example of hydrostatic pressure in the body?
Definition
61. blood pressure
Term
62. What is a special case of diffusion where water molecules moves across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration without requiring cellular energy?
Definition
62. osmosis
Term
63. Water will move toward a solution that has more or less solid particles in it?
Definition
63. more
Term
64. Water will move toward a solution that is more or less concentrated with water?
Definition
64. less
Term
65. Water always tries to make a solution more dilute? True or False
Definition
65. true
Term
66. What is a solvent + a solute called?
Definition
66. solution
Term
67. What is a solvent?
Definition
67. part of a solution doing the dissolving (usually a liquid)
Term
68. What is a solute?
Definition
68. part of a solution being dissolved (usually a solid)
Term
69. What are 3 types of solutions based on their effects on a cell?
Definition
69. isotonic solution, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution
Term
70. Which type of solution has the same concentration of solutes and solvent in the solution as in the cell?
Definition
70. isotonic solution
Term
71. Which type of solution does water move in and out of the cell equally?
Definition
71. isotonic solution
Term
72. Which type of solution has a higher concentration of solutes in the solution than the solute concentration of the cell?
Definition
72. hypertonic solution
Term
73. Which type of solution does the water move out of the cell causing the cell to shrink?
Definition
73. hypertonic solution
Term
74. Which type of solution has a lower concentration of solutes in the solution than the solute concentration of the cell?
Definition
74. hypotonic solution
Term
75. Which type of solution does water move into the cell causing the cell to swell?
Definition
75. hypotonic solution
Term
76. If a cell swells so much that it burst, the cell is said to?
Definition
76. lyses
Term
77. If a red blood cell (RBC) swells so much that it burst, what is this called (be specific)?
Definition
77. hemolysis
Term
78. Which type of solution can be given intravenously and not cause harm to the RBC?
Definition
78. isotonic solution
Term
79. Name 2 types of isotonic solutions that can be delivered intravenously?
Definition
79. 5% dextrose solution or a 0.9% NaCl/100ml solution
Term
80. What is the movement of substances across the membrane that does require energy and substances to move across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (moves through a globular, integral or carrier protein)?
Definition
80. active transport
Term
81. Does a carrier protein change shape during active transportation?
Definition
81. yes
Term
82. What is the movement of large particles into a cell called?
Definition
82. endocytosis
Term
83. What is “cell drinking” called?
Definition
83. pinocytosis
Term
84. What is “cell eating” called?
Definition
84. phagocytosis
Term
85. What is the movement of specific particles that bind to fibrous proteins on the cell membrane and then are engulfed into the cell?
Definition
85. receptor mediated endocytosis
Term
86. What is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration using a carrier protein with no cellular energy being required?
Definition
86. facilitated diffusion
Term
87. What is the movement of particles across a cell that has been captured on one side and then release on the other side of the cell?
Definition
87. transcytosis
Term
1.      What is the building of larger molecules from smaller molecules called?
Definition
1. anabolic metabolism
Term
2.      What is the breaking down of large molecules to smaller molecules called?
Definition
2. catabolic metabolism
Term
3.      Which metabolism requires energy?
Definition
3. anabolic metabolism
Term
4.      Which metabolism releases energy?
Definition
4. catabolic metabolism
Term
5.      Which process requires water?
Definition
5. hydrolysis
Term
6.      Which process produces water?
Definition
6. dehydration synthesis
Term
7.      Give an example of anabolism.
Definition
7. amino acid + amino acid + amino acid + amino acid → protein + water
Term
8.      Give an example of catabolism.
Definition
8. glycogen + water → glucose + glucose + glucose + glucose
Term
9.      Enzymes are generally made up of what organic molecules?
Definition
9. globular proteins
Term
10.  Do enzymes lower or raise activation energy?
Definition
10. lower
Term
11.  How does the above effect body temperature?
Definition
11. reduces the amount of heat need for reactions to occur; thus, helps to maintain a lower body temperature
Term
12.  Are enzymes specific?
Definition
12. yes
Term
13.  Can enzymes be used repeatedly?
Definition
13. yes
Term
14.  Are enzymes needed in large quantities?
Definition
14. no; they are not changed by reactions and therefore can be used over and over again
Term
15.  Are enzymes changed in the reaction?
Definition
15. no, they are unaltered
Term
16.  What are enzymes called?
Definition
16. organic catalyst
Term
17.  What does the active site do?
Definition
17. part of an enzyme that has a particular shape where specific substrates will bind
Term
18.  When high temperatures or improper ph levels change the shape of an enzyme so that the enzyme will not function, the enzyme is _____.
Definition
18. denatured
Term
19.  What is an ion or mineral called that is required for an enzyme to be active or function?
Definition
19. cofactor
Term
20.  What are organic molecules called that accept electrons from one metabolic pathway and carry them to another metabolic pathway?
Definition
20. coenzymes
Term
21.  NAD is a derivative of which vitamin?
Definition
21. niacin
Term
22.  FAD is a derivative of which vitamin?
Definition
22. riboflavin
Term
23.  Inhibitors are chemicals that interfere with an _____ activity.
Definition
23. enzyme’s
Term
24.  Which type of enzyme inhibitor resembles the enzyme’s normal substrate and competes with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme?
Definition
24. competitive inhibitor
Term
25.  Which type of enzyme inhibitor binds to the enzyme somewhere other than the active site and changes the shape of the active site so that the substrate will not bind to the enzyme?
Definition
25. noncompetitive inhibitor
Term
26.  What are the names of the enzymes that break down lipids, proteins, starch, sucrose maltose and lactose?
Definition
26. lipase; protease; amylase; sucrase; maltase; lactase
Term
27.  What is a metabolic pathway?
Definition
27. a sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions that leads to the production of specific products
Term
28.  In carbohydrate digestion, the glucose molecule can go in two different directions. What are they?
Definition
28. to the mitochondria for breakdown by aerobic cellular respiration to form ATP; OR to the liver to be converted into glycogen and stored
Term
29.  In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down into what products?
Definition
29. carbon dioxide, water, ATP, heat
Term
30.  One glucose molecule in the complete break down produces how many ATP?
Definition
30. 38
Term
31.  Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Definition
31. anaerobic respiration
Term
32.  Occurs in the mitochondria.
Definition
32. aerobic respiration
Term
33.  Requires oxygen.
Definition
33. aerobic respiration
Term
34.  Take place in the absence of oxygen.
Definition
34. anaerobic respiration
Term
35.  Produces two pyruvic acids.
Definition
35. anaerobic respiration
Term
36.  Results in net two ATPs.
Definition
36. anaerobic respiration
Term
37.  Results in thirty six ATPs.
Definition
37. aerobic respiration
Term
38.  Called glycolysis.
Definition
38. anaerobic respiration
Term
39.  Where and why is lactic acid produced?
Definition
39. pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen (example = in the muscle cells during strenuous exercise)
Term
40.  Why do two molecules travel through the Kreb’s cycle (or critic acid cycle)?
Definition
40. two pyruvic acid molecules are produced from a single glucose molecule; then each of these pyruvic acid molecules is converted into an acetyl CoA molecule that goes into the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle); since two are produced each one must go through the cycle or the “cycle must turn twice”
Term
41.  Where is carbon dioxide produced?
Definition
41. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
Term
42.  How many ATPs are produced in electron transport from one NADH?
Definition
42. 3
Term
43.  How many ATPs are produced in electrons transport from one FADH2?
Definition
43. 2
Term
44.  In a metabolic pathway, how is the amount of product regulated?
Definition
44. negative feedback
Term
45.  What is the rate limiting enzyme and what effect does the amount of product have on it?
Definition
45. the first enzyme; too much product will inhibit the rate limiting enzyme, while a limited amount of product will remove the inhibition of the rate limiting enzyme
Term
46.  If an enzyme is lacking, what happens to the metabolic pathway?
Definition
46. shuts down or stops
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