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A&P
Chapter 2
56
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
01/26/2011

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Term
What are the 4 major characteristics of the cell membrane?
Definition
-flexible
-composed of lipids, proteins, and cholesterol.
-membrane is phospholipids bilayer
-selectively permeable.
Term
what are the 4 main traits of phospholipid bilayer?
Definition
-hydrophilic ends
-hydrophobic tails
-tails make up interior
-tails form barrier and is a double layer
Term
what does the membrane form a barrier to?
Definition
water soluble substances
Term
Exterior VS Interior
Definition
exterior has hydrophilic ends and interior has hydrophobic tails
Term
What are the 2 types of membrane proteins?
Definition
-integral
-peripheral
Term
Which spans the width of the membrane? (Integral or peripheral)
Definition
integral
Term
What are the 2 types of integral proteins?
Definition
-fibrous
-globular
Term
Globular VS Fibrous
Definition
Globular acts as channels. Fibrous acts as receptors
Term
What is on the outer or inner surface and can function as enzymes?
Definition
peripheral proteins
Term
What can glycoprotein's serve as?
Definition
marker molecules
Term
What helps stabilize the membrane?
Definition
cholesterol
Term
What is in the cytosol? (4 things)
Definition
water, amino acids, sugars, and enzymes
Term
What is made of flattened sacs and canals and serves as a transport system?
Definition
ER
Term
What contains enzymes for lipid and carbohydrate syntheses?
Definition
smooth ER
Term
What contains enzymes for lipid and carbohydrate syntheses?
Definition
smooth ER
Term
What are ribosomes composed of? What is it necessary for?
Definition
protein and RNA and they are the protein factories. (necessary for protein synthesis)
Term
What is the inspection, package, and shipping department of the cell?
Definition
Golgi Apparatus
Term
What is the process by which a protein is formed?
Definition
protein made by ribosomes > goes to golgi > golgi modifies and packages > vesicle pinches off from golgi for shipping towards the plasma membrane.
Term
What has sacs with inner potions?
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
What are the "garbage disposals" of the cell?
Definition
lysosomes
Term
What is the centrosome made of?
Definition
2 cylinders called centrioles which are made up of microtubules: involved in cell reproduction
Term
What is formed by action of the cell membrane, which folds inward and pinches off. And it's function is to transport substances into and out of the cell?
Definition
vesicles
Term
Where are ribosomes produced?
Definition
nucleolus
Term
What is the purpose of vesicles?
Definition
to transport substances
Term
What is chomatin made of?
Definition
DNA molecules wrapped around histones
Term
How many chromosomes do humans have?
Definition
46 (23 pairs)
Term
What are the types of passive transport mechanisms?
Definition
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
Term
What are the types of active transport mechanisms?
Definition
pinocytosis, phagocytosis, mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis
Term
What is movement of molecules from high to low concentration?
Definition
diffusion
Term
What factors influence the rate of diffusion?
Definition
distance, concentration gradient, and temperature
Term
What is different about facilitated diffusion?
Definition
it uses a carrier molecule
Term
What is a special case of diffusion in which water moves from low solute concentration to a high solute concentration?
Definition
osmosis
Term
Describe osmotic pressure
Definition
it increases as the number of particles increase and acts as a pulling force
Term
what is a pushing force that relies on hydrostatic pressure?
Definition
filtration
Term
What happens because the molecules are too large to diffuse?
Definition
endocytosis
Term
What requires that a molecule bind to a receptor before the cell will engulf something?
Definition
receptor mediated endocytosis
Term
What involves engulfing of a liquid?
Definition
pinocytosis
Term
what involves engulfing in particles?
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
What is the order of the cell cycle?
Definition
interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentiation
Term
What is the term for the division of nuclear contents?
Definition
mitosis
Term
What happens at the end of anaphase?
Definition
cytoplasmic division begins
Term
What is it called when cells develop different characteristics in structure and function?
Definition
differentiation
Term
what makes up DNA?
Definition
nucleotides
Term
What do several amino acids make?
Definition
a protein
Term
What is a bond between 2 amino acids?
Definition
a peptide bond
Term
What is DNA composed of?
Definition
2 polynucleotide chains bonded by hydrogen bonds
Term
What are the bases made up of?
Definition
5-carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
Term
What are the bases of DNA?
Definition
adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
Term
What are the bases of RNA?
Definition
uracil, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
Term
What is mRNA responsible for?
Definition
transcribing the DNA
Term
Transcription VS Translation
Definition
Transcription occurs in nucleus, translation occurs in cytoplasm
Term
What is a triplet of nucleotides in mRNA?
Definition
codon
Term
what does mRNA associate with in the cytoplasm?
Definition
ribosomes
Term
anti-codon VS codon VS triplets
Definition
tRNA, mRNA, DNA
Term
what aligns the amino acids to connect them?
Definition
tRNA
Term
What is the process of protein synthesis?
Definition
transcription > translation > protein synthesis.
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