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| When blood is centrifuged, the thin, whitish layer of matter between the plasma and erythroctyes, contains leukocytes and platelets |
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| percentage of red blood cells in blood, in health females it is 37-47% and in healthy males it is 42-52% |
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| formation of blood cells from a stem cell |
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| blood disorder in which globin chain is damaged, results in weak erythrocytes (deficient in Hb) |
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| most plentiful leukocyte, multilobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules, function is to phagocytize bacteria |
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| agranulocytic leukocyte, nucleus is spherical/indented, cytoplasm is pale blue, initiates immune response either through direct response or through antibodies |
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| leukocyte residing in the lymph organs, act directly against tumors and virus-infected cells |
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| third step in hemostasis, signal cascade that results in creation of a fibrin mesh that reinforces the platelet plug formed in second step of hemostasis, occurs in three phases (first phase, two pathways – extrinsic and intrinsic – second phase, prothrombin to thrombin, third phase, common pathway to fibrin mesh) |
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| blood clot that hasn’t become mobile (still attached to an unbroken blood vessel) |
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis: |
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| destruction of fetal red blood cells in utero (due to Rh antibodies released by mother), fetus becomes anemic and hypoxic |
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| forms ~55% of blood, made up of 90% water, the rest is solutes (plasma proteins, nutrients, nonprotein nitrogenous substances, electrolytes, respiratory gases, and hormones) |
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| an abundant plasma protein (accounts for 60% of plasma proteins) that acts as a blood buffer, a transport molecule for certain other molecules, and contributes to osmotic pressure |
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| two-layered sac covering the heart. Consists of fibrous pericardium, and the underlying serous pericardium (two layers, the parietal and visceral layers; the visceral layer is called the epicardium) |
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| muscle tissue comprising the middle layer of the heart wall (deep to the epicardium and superficial to the endocardium) |
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| left atrioventricular valve |
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| sets sinus rhythm of the heart, pacemaker action potential is generated here (located in the right atrial wall, just inferior entrance of superior vena cava) |
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| slow heart pump (<60 beats/min) |
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| amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute (heart rate multiplied by stoke volume) |
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| white collage cords that anchor AV valves into place |
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| sets junctional rhythm of the heart (backup pacemaker if SA node doesn’t general action potential), located inferior portion of interatrial septum, superior to tricuspid valve |
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| the contractile strength achieved at any muscle length (related to influx of ca2+ from extracellular space and sarcoplasmic reticulum, into the cytoplasm of the muscle cell) |
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| when the heart is not capable of pumping adequate circulation to the body tissues |
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| low oxygen-carrying ability of blood, due to low red blood cell count, low hemoglobin count, or abnormal hemoglobin (as in sickle-cell anemia) |
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| molecule that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood (fills red blood cells) and binds both irreversible, consists of a heme pigment group and a quaternary globin molecule (consisting of two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains) |
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| a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the productions of erythrocytes in red bone marrow, produced mostly in the kidneys in some in the liver |
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| red blood cell disorder occurring due to the replacement of one amino acid in the hemoglobin polypeptide chains. Causes a host of disorders due to the “sickling” of the RBC |
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| leukocyte, bilobed nucleus with red cytoplasmic granules, kills parasitic worms and plays a complicated role in asthma and allergies |
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| largest leukocyte, agranulocytic, has a kidney or u-shaped nucleus with a gray-blue cytoplasm, functions via phagocytosis, can function as/develop into macrophages in tissues |
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| a leukocyte that is essential to the functioning of the adaptive immune system , create plasma cells, which give rise to antibodies |
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| the inactivated, soluble clotting factor protein that is activated by thrombin to form fibrin (last step of hemostasis) |
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| a blood clot that has become mobile in the circulation |
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| a blood disorder characterized by a shortage of WBC (can be caused by cancer treatment drugs) |
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| red blood cells, modified cells that do not contain nuclei or many organelles and do not mitose, their main purpose is to carry hemoglobin (biconcave disc shape) |
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| a three-part process that ensures the rapid repair of broken blood vessels and consequently the conservation of circulation within the cardiovascular system. The three parts are: vascular spasm, platelet plub formation, and coagulation |
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| the visceral serosa of the heart |
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| the simple squamous epithelium lining the heart cavities, deepest layer of the heart wall |
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| the right AV valve of the heart |
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| restriction of blood supply to body tissue |
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| a notch in the heart where the foramen ovale lies in the fetal heart (opening between atria) |
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| junctions between cardiac muscle cells that contain gap junctions and desmosomes |
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| the atrioventricular bundle, located in the superior part of the intervenricular septum, the ONLY electrical connection between the atria and ventricles |
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| the arterial pressure that must be exceeded for the the ventricles to eject blood during systole |
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| a heart condition that degrades cardiac output due to decreased contractility, caused by ventricular stretching and deterioration of the myocardium. |
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| excess of RBCs, causing blood to be thick and restrict flow (can also be secondary, as seen at high elevation) |
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| pluripotent hemopoietic stem cell, resides in red bone marrow, can differentiate into many formed elements of the blood |
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| pigment that results from breakdown of erythrocytes, carried by albumin to liver cells |
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| the exit of WBCs from intact blood vessel walls to the surrounding tissue |
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| Leukocyte with bilobed nucleus and large purplish-black cytoplasmic granules, releases histamine and other inflammation mediators, contain heparin |
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| formed elements that are not a true cell, result from the lysis of a large cell called a megakaryocyte, play a large role in blood clot formation (step two of hemostasis) |
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| blood disorder that results from an abundance of WBC, result from a clone of a single WBC (can be acute or chronic) |
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| a plasma protein that is built into blood clots. When activated, it converts into plasmin, which breaks down and digest the fibrin that comprises the clot. |
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| an embolus that blocks a blood vessel |
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| a WBC count over 11,000/microliter, indicates a normal immune response to infection |
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| called white blood cells, are the only true cells of the blood’s formed elements, contain less than 1% of blood volume, play a large role in the body’s immune and defense system |
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| the medial thoracic cavity, contains the heart |
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| inflammation of the pericardium |
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| one of the great blood vessels of the heart, extends superiorially from the left ventricle and is the major pathway of oxygenated blood from the heart to the body tissues |
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| the blood vessels of the coronary blood circuit, supply the heart’s myocardium with blood |
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| abnormally rapid heart rate (>100/min), usually resulting from high body temperature, stress, drugs, or heart disease |
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| also known as a heart attack, myocardial death that results from a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle (prolonged coronary blockage) |
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| the pacemaker cells of the heart (initial the action potentials of the heart), have an unstable resting potential that continually slides toward depolarizing (no plateau) |
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| irregular heart rate (atrial and ventricular contractions are not coordinated) |
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| the amount of blood pumped out with each contraction of the heart |
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| a term that refers to the inhibitory affect on heart rate by the parasympathetic system via the vagal nerves (heart rate is ~25 beats/min faster when not under the influence of the vagal nerves) |
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| opening between pulmonary trunk and the aorta in fetal heart (no pulmonary circuit in utero) |
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