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A&P - Ch 10: The Endocrine System
South Coast College - Lecture Notes
80
Court Reporting
Undergraduate 1
04/11/2012

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Term
What are the two types of glands which make up the Endocrine System?
Definition
Endocrine Glands and Exocrine Glands
Term
Where do the secretions of the Endocrine Glands go?
Definition
They go directly into the capillaries of the circulatory system (the blood)
Term
Do the secretions of Endocrine Glands leave out of ducts?
Definition
No. They are ductless.
Term
Where do the secretions of the Exocrine Glands go?
Definition
Through ducts in the body. (Hint: EXocrine EXit through DUCTS)
Term
Where are Hormones secreted from?
Definition
The Endocrine Glands
Term
What do hormones do?
Definition
Influence and control body function.
Term
What affect does the Nervous System have on the control of the body (as opposed to the Endocrine System)?
Definition
Rapid, brief control through fast-moving impluses.
Term
What affect does the Endocrine System have on the control of the body (as opposed to the Nervous System)?
Definition
Slower, long-lasting control via hormones.
Term
Which gland is the ONLY gland that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
Definition
The Pancreas
Term
Name the 6 functions of the body affected by hormones. (Hint: Good Dogs Make Silly, Energetic Companions)
Definition
Growth, Development, Metabolism, Sexual Maturity, Endocrine gland function, Composition of blood & bone
Term
What is another name for the Pituitary Gland?
Definition
The master gland.
Term
What do the hormones secreted from the Pituitary Gland affect?
Definition
Other glands, growth, and development.
Term
How is the Pituitary gland divided?
Definition
Into two lobes: the Anterior Lobe and Posterior Lobe
Term
Where is the Growth Hormone secreted from?
Definition
The Pituitary Gland, Anterior Lobe
Term
What does the Growth Hormone do?
Definition
It stimulates the growth and development of the body
Term
Where is the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) secreted from?
Definition
The Pituitary Gland, Anterior Lobe
Term
What does the TSH do?
Definition
It increases thyroid cell activity to produce thyroid hormone.
Term
Where is the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) secreted from?
Definition
The Pituitary Gland, Anterior Lobe
Term
What does the ACTH do?
Definition
Stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland.
Term
Where is the Melanocyte-stimulating hormone secreted from?
Definition
The Pituitary Gland, Anterior Lobe
Term
What does the Melanocyte-stimulating hormone do?
Definition
Increases skin pigmentation
Term
Where is the Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted from?
Definition
The Pituitary Gland, Anterior Lobe
Term
What does the FSH do?
Definition
Stimulates the graafin follicle to produce estrogen
Term
Where is the Luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted from?
Definition
The Pituitary Gland, Anterior Lobe
Term
What does the LH do?
Definition
It causes ruptured ovarian follicles to become a corpus luteum that secretes progesterone
Term
Where is Prolactin secreted from?
Definition
The Pituitary Gland, Anterior Lobe
Term
What does Prolactin do?
Definition
It's responsible for breast development and the production of milk.
Term
Where is the Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone secreted from?
Definition
The Pituitary Gland, Anterior Lobe
Term
What does the Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone do?
Definition
It stimulates the interstitial cells in the testes to produce testosterone.
Term
Where is Oxytocin secreted from?
Definition
The Pituitary Gland, Posterior Lobe
Term
What does Oxytocin do?
Definition
It stimulates uterine contractions and is responsible for the flow of milk from breasts (not production)
Term
Where is the Antidiuretic hormone secreted from?
Definition
The Pituitary Gland, Posterior Lobe
Term
What does the Antidiurectic hormone do?
Definition
It concentrates urine and conserves water
Term
What is another name for Antidiuretic hormone?
Definition
Vasopressin
Term
What is the result of hyposecretion of the Growth Hormone in early years?
Definition
Dwarfism
Term
What is the result of hypersecretion of the Growth Hormone in early years?
Definition
Giantism
Term
What is the result of hypersecretion of the Growth Hormone in adults?
Definition
Acromegaly
Term
How many glands does the Thyroid Gland have?
Definition
Two, one on each side of the larynx, with a central connecting section
Term
What are the three hormones secreted by the Thyroid Gland?
Definition
Thyroxine (T3), Triiodothyronine (T4), and Throcalcitonin
Term
What do the hormones T3 and T4 strongly affect?
Definition
Metabolism, and therefore the mental & physical activity needed for growth and development
Term
What does Thyrocalcitonin do?
Definition
It inhibits the bones from releasing calcium
Term
Where are the 2 pairs of Parathyroid glands located?
Definition
On the posterior surface of the thyroid glands
Term
What do the Parathyroid glands do?
Definition
They regulate the calcium content of the blood (PTH)
Term
Where is the Adrenal Gland located?
Definition
At the top of each kidney and contained in a capsule
Term
Name the two layers of the Adrenal Gland.
Definition
Medulla (center) and Cortex (outer layer)
Term
What does the Medulla of the Adrenal Gland secrete?
Definition
Adrenaline (or epinephrine)
Term
What does Adrenaline do for the body?
Definition
Helps regulate "fight or flight" by regulating heart rate and blood pressure & flow.
Term
Name the three hormones produced by the Cortex of the Adrenal Gland.
(hint: GAS)
Definition
Glucocorticoids, Aldosterone, Sex steroids
Term
What does Aldosterone do?
Definition
Controls electrolyte balances
Term
What does Glucocorticoids do?
Definition
Affect protein, fat, and glucose metabolism
Term
Where is the Pancreas located?
Definition
Curves from the duodenum to the spleen
Term
How does the Pancreas function as an Endocrine gland?
Definition
Produces the hormone Insulin, which metabolizes carbohydrates (capllaries)
Term
How does the Pancreas function as an Exocrine gland?
Definition
It Produces Pancreatic fluid that becomes part of the digestive juices (ducts)
Term
What are the clumps of cells called that make up the Endocrine system in the Pancreas?
Definition
Islets of Langerhans or Pancreatic Islets
Term
What are the two types of cells found in the Islets of the Pancreas?
Definition
Alpha and Beta
Term
What do the Alpha cells in the Pancreatic Islets do?
Definition
Secretes Glucagon that accelerates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
Term
What is the process of converting glycogen to glucose in the liver called?
Definition
Glycogenolysis
Term
What do the Beta cells in the Pancreatic Islets do?
Definition
Secrete Insulin, which lowers blood sugar.
Term
What is the name for the relationship between Glucagon and Insulin?
Definition
Antagonists
Term
How many lobes does the Thymus Gland have?
Definition
Two, located beneath the sternum
Term
What is the state of the Thymus gland in childhood?
Definition
Fairly large
Term
What does the Thymus gland produce?
Definition
Peptides involved in: T cell maturation, autoreactive T cell elimination, and immune system T cell selection
Term
Where is the Pineal Gland located?
Definition
Attached by a slim stalk to the roof the third ventricle of the brain
Term
What does the Pineal Gland secrete?
Definition
Melatonin (the circadian rhythm)
Term
What does the Pituitary Gland regulate with regard to puberty?
Definition
The timing of the onset of puberty
Term
What is the general definition of Gonads?
Definition
Reproductive sex glands
Term
Name the female gonad glands.
Definition
Ovaries
Term
What do the ovaries secrete?
Definition
Estrogen and Progesterone.
Term
What does Estrogen do in females?
Definition
Affects the uterine lining, and promotes the growth and development of the primary and secondary sex organs
Term
What does Progesterone do in females?
Definition
Affects uterine lining, affects secretory portions of the breasts, maintains pregnancy.
Term
Name the male gonad organs.
Definition
The testes
Term
What do the Testes secrete?
Definition
Testosterone.
Term
What does Testosterone do in males?
Definition
It develops the primary and secondary male sex characteristics; facilitates the maturation of sperm cells
Term
What is Cretinism?
Definition
A disorder of the Thyroid Gland, results in lack of physical and mental growth.
Term
What is Diabetes?
Definition
Chronic disease of insulin deficiency or resistance
Term
What is a Diabetic coma?
Definition
Blood sugar levels become extremely high
Term
What is Insulin shock?
Definition
Blood sugar levels become extremely low
Term
What is a Goiter?
Definition
An enlarged thyroid gland that results from lack of iodine and causes oversecretion of TSH
Term
What is Cushing's Syndrome?
Definition
Adrenal Gland disorder. Physical effects include "buffalo hump" and "moon face"
Term
What is Myxedema?
Definition
Thyroid gland disorder of too-little thyroid hormone production. Results in forgetfulness, dry skin and intolerance to cold
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