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A & P 202 Lecture Final
202 Lecture Final
57
Other
Undergraduate 3
01/23/2008

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Term
Neuron function 
Definition
conduct from one part to another
Term
dendrite v. axon
Definition

dendrite "brings" information

axon "takes" away  

Term
how to remove

Acetylcholine from synapse
Definition


Acetylcholinesterase
Term
how is white matter arranged in CNS
Definition
deep to the gray matter in cerebrum. arranged in fiber tracts. in general axons composed of white. gray matter associated w/dendrites & nerve cells.
Term
how many lobes does cerebrum contain
Definition
5: frontal/parietal/occipital/temporal/insula(covered)
Term
where does parkinson's occur in the brain
Definition
degeneration of substantia nigra in midbrain and therefore lack of dopamine production
Term
where does knee-jerk response have reflex center
Definition
gray matter, member of spinal cord L2-L4
Term
Which Cranial Nerve goes to the lateral rectus eye muscle?
Definition
Abducens – Cranial Nerve VI
Term
How is the CSF formed?
Definition

By secretion from the choroids plexuses drips into roofs of the cerebral ventricles

taken up through

venous system 

Term
What does CSF contain?
Definition
Blood cells, proteins, urea, and glucose.
Term
What does medulla oblongata control?
Definition
It controls autonomic functions like:
•    Respiration (via dorsal or ventral respiratory group)
•    Blood pressure
•    Heart Rate
•    Swallowing
•    Stretch tendons in joints and muscles
•    Coughing, sneezing, vomiting and defacation
•    hiccuping

Term
Where would you NOT find white matter?
Definition
cerebral cortex, cerebellum, cerebrum.
Term
The motor nerve of the Lumbar Plexus is
Definition
Femoral Nerve and cutaneous branches
Nerve to cutaneous thigh
Term
What does trochlear nerve do?
Definition
Rotates the eyes. Works on superior oblique.
Term
The ventral root of a spinal nerve is involved in what?
Definition
contain motor (efferent) fibers that innervate skeletal muscles
Term
What kind of nerves carry impulses toward the CNS?
Definition
Afferent nerve
Term
The peripheral ganglia of the parasympathetic NS are located….
Definition
In the walls of the target organs
Term
How long are the post ganglionic fibers
Definition
Short ganglionic fibers
Term
What does a beta blocker do?
Definition

drugs that bind to beta-adrenoceptors and thereby block the binding of norepinephrine and epinephrine to these receptors.

block adrenaline & reduce demand of heart muscle for oxygen. 

Term
Incoming light strikes which structure first?
Definition
Cornea
Term
Where is the Fovea Centralis and what does it do?
Definition
Located in the center of the macula lutea region of the retina. It is the center of visual acuity
Term
What are the refractive media of the eye?
Definition
Cornea  →  aqueous humor →  lens →  vitreous humor
Term
What is the basic functional unit of hearing?
Definition
Spiral organs of corti located in the cochlea
Term
In the inner ear, sound waves move through what medium?
Definition
Perilymphatic and Endolymphatic fluid
Term
Different image focusing problems:
Definition
Myopia – short vision
Hyperopia – far vision
Astigmatism – focus all light rays @ same time.correct w/cylindrical lens
Presbyopia – age related. Correct w/bifocal


Term
How is the aqueous humor drained?
Definition
directing channel out of the anterior chamber; and draining aqueous humor through the tubular( trabecular meshwork) body to reduce intraocular pressure in the living eye.
Term
Where and how is conduction deafness caused?
Definition
Impacted earwax blocking external acoustic meatus or a perforated eardrum preventing sound conduction to the ossicles. Most common: middle ear inflammations (otitis media) and otosclerosis “hardening of the ear” of the ossicles . occurs when overgrowth of bony tissue fuses the stapes foot plate to the oval window or welds the ossicles to one another. 
Term
What causes glaucoma and what structures are involved?
Definition
Most types of glaucoma are caused by elevated intraocular pressures, which are the pressures within your eyes.
Lens and cornea are the structures involved.
Term
What do the rods and cones do?
Definition
The rods are most sensitive to light and dark changes, shape and movement & peripheral
Cones give light and vision color – important in dim light and straight ahead vision.
Term
Where are the receptors for the hearing located?
Definition
Inner ear. cochlea
Term
What do the  meibomian glands produce?
Definition
responsible for the supply of sebum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film
sebaceous glands on eyelids
Term
What is static equilibrium and where are the receptors located?
Definition
Sensory receptors (for SE) are the maculae: 1 in each saccule & utricle wall.Monitor position of head in space;play key role in posture.Respond to linear acceleration (straight-line), not rotation.
Term
Which of our sense organs are connected to the trigeminal and olfactory nerves?
Definition
Mixed vision & taste, touch (face)
Taste and sensation of feeling
Term
What is the function of visceroceptors?
Definition
Visceroceptors, which are located in blood vessels and viscera, provide information about the internal environment. This information arises from within the body and may be felt as pain, taste, fatigue, hunger, thirst and nausea
Term
Which cranial nerve controls most of the eye muscles?
Definition
Oculomotor (III)
Term
Where does fertilization normally occur?
Definition
Fallopian tubes
Term
What does testosterone do?
Definition
Stimulate formation of male reproductive organs, glands, skeletal mass, hair. Spermatogenesis can’t take place w/o.
Term
What does FSH do?
Definition
Stimulates ovarian follicles and production of estrogen.
In male; stimulate sperm production.
Term
Where is progesterone secreted?
Definition
Corpus luteum
Term
What does LH do?
What would low levels do in male?
Definition
Triggers ovulation and stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone.
Low level of LH in men signals the testes to produce less testosterone., prevent sexual maturity ... Older men generally have lower testosterone levels than younger men do.
Term
Where is estrogen secreted?
Definition
Follicle cells
Term
What do high estrogen levels result in?
Definition
Causes pituitary to secrete more lutenizing hormones causing puberty in females.
Term
What does oxytocin do?
Definition
Increase contraction on women in labor until baby is fully born. Involved in the let-down reflex of mammary apparatus.
Term
Differences between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
Definition
Gamete production in males begins at puberty and continues throughout life, but the situation is quite different in females. It has been assumed that a female’s total supply of eggs is already determined by the time she is born, and the time span during which she releases them extends only from puberty to menopause (about the age of 50)
Term
How is the primitive streak formed?
Definition
Epiblast moving inward & upwards
Term
What happens during gastrulation?
Definition

When change two layer disc to becoming 

germ layer

Term
What is the sequence of preembryonic structures?
Definition
•    Fertilized egg
•    Zygote
•    Blastomere
•    Morula (72 hrs after  fert blastulation)
•    Blastocyst
•    Gastrulation
•    somite

Term
What does implantation involve?
Definition

The trophoblast

    implants in the endometrium. 

          completed when the blastocyst  surrounded by endometrial tissue,

12 days after ovulation.
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) released by blastocyst
maintains hormone production in corpus luteum, prevents menses.

Term
What happens during weeks 13-16
Definition
Cerebellum is forming, sense organ starts to differentiate, eyes blink, sucking, face human-like glands in intestinal tract begin to develop.
Term
     Weeks 17-20
Definition
Turns fetal position, lanugo hair covers skin, limbs are in proper proportion.
Term
What does Trophoblast form
Definition
Placenta comes from it
Term
What does ectoderm form?
Definition

Outer of three-embryonic layers.

skin, nervous system 

Term
Umbilical veins
Definition
carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus
Term
Umbilical arteries
Definition
carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta in the umbilical cord
Term
What is Allantois and what does it become?
Definition
Becomes an umbilical cord
Term
What structures originate in the yolk sac?
Definition
Becomes blood vessels & cells, primitive gut/ digestive tube
Term
menstruation  
Definition
drop in estrogen levels. endometrium detaches from uterine wall, bleeding.
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