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A&P 1
Exam 4
166
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/25/2009

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Term
in the human body, a structure that changes a stimulus into an electrical signal is called a _______?
Definition
receptor
Term
with which part of a neuron are sensory receptors most commonly associated?
Definition
dendrites
Term
how are stimuli of greater intensity encoded? (possible multiple answers)
a. by producing action potentials of greater size?
b. by producing a greater frequency of action potentials?
c. by producing action potentials in more neurons?
Definition
b & C
Term
Do all receptors receive information that results in a conscious sensation?
Definition
No
Term
What part of the brain produces conscious sensation when it receives sensory input?
Definition
sensory areas of cerebral cortex
Term
anterior clear portion of fibrous tunic
Definition
cornea
Term
retinal area providing keenest vision
Definition
fovea centralis
Term
attaches lens to ciliary body
Definition
suspensory ligaments
Term
biconvex structure that focuses light
Definition
lens
Term
posterior portion of fibrous tunic
Definition
sclera
Term
mucous membrane covering sclera, lining eyelids
Definition
conjunctiva
Term
"white" of the eye
Definition
sclera
Term
choroid, ciliary body, and iris
Definition
vascular tunic
Term
regulates amount of light entering the eye
Definition
iris
Term
controls shape of lens for focusing
Definition
ciliary body
Term
tough outer layer, protects, gives shape to eye
Definition
Term
colored part of eye
Definition
iris
Term
rods and cones located here
Definition
retina
Term
also known as the "blind spot"
Definition
optic disk
Term
point of origin of optic nerve
Definition
optic disk
Term
opening in iris allowing light into the eye
Definition
pupil
Term
what is the function of the extrinsic eye muscles?
Definition
move the eye in almost any direction and permit smooth, precise, & rapid movements.
Term
which two eye structures are responsible for most of the refraction (light bending) involved in focusing?
Definition
cornea & lens
Term
between the cornea & lens, which performs most of the refraction?
Definition
cornea
Term
which structures of the ear are involved in equilibrium?
Definition
semicircular canals & vestibules
Term
which structure of the ear is involved in hearing?
Definition
cochlea
Term
structures of the outer ear
Definition
external acoustic meatus, auricle, tympanic membrane
Term
structures of middle ear
Definition
malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, round window, auditory tube
Term
structures of the inner ear
Definition
cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
Term
eardrum
Definition
tympanic membrane
Term
leads sound waves to the eardrum
Definition
external acoustic meatus
Term
equalizes pressure within middle ear
Definition
auditory tube
Term
ossicle in contact with eardrum
Definition
malleus
Term
ossicle in contact with oval window
Definition
stapes
Term
three auditory ossicles
Definition
malleus, incus, stapes
Term
location of sound receptors
Definition
cochlea
Term
location of equilibrium receptors
Definition
semicircular canals
Term
conducts sound waves into inner ear
Definition
Term
pressure damper for inner ear
Definition
round window
Term
what is the organ of corti?
Definition
location of sound receptors
Term
what is an endocrine gland?
Definition
a gland that secretes hormones into interstitial fluid and then the blood; a ductless gland
Term
what is a hormone?
Definition
a secretion of endocrine glands that alters the physiological activty of target cells of the body
Term
the endocrine system coordinates body activities by means of (chemical/electrical) signals.
Definition
chemical
Term
endocrine glands release their secretions into (the blood/a duct).
Definition
the blood
Term
exocrine glands release their secretions into (the blood/a duct)
Definition
a duct
Term
what are the specific cells/tissues influenced by a hormone called?
Definition
target cells
Term
Target cells possess proteins called _________ that specifically bind to that hormone.
Definition
receptors
Term
type of signal
nervous system?
endocrine system?
Definition
nervous = electrical & chemical
endocrine = chemical
Term
Signal pathway:
nervous system?
endocrine system?
Definition
nervous = nerves
endocrine = blood
Term
Speed/duration of response:
nervous system?
endocrine system?
Definition
nervous = faster (shorter,milliseconds)
endocrine = slower (longer,seconds/days)
Term
Types of effectors:
nervous system?
endocrine system?
Definition
nervous = muscle cells, gland cells, and other neurons
endocrine = cells throughout the body
Term
what is meant by "hormone-target cell specificity?"
Definition
ability of a target cell to respond to a hormone depends on the presence of receptors, within the cell or on its plasma membrane, to which the hormone can bind.
Term
why is "hormone-target cell specificity" central to the function of the endocrine system?
Definition
because it has the ability to only affect certian cells - not all cells.
Term
explain the idea of "lock and key" to hormones and receptors.
Definition
only target cells for a given hormone have receptors that bind & recognize that hormone, and they physically fit w/the receptors & the effect wont occur until it fits in perfectly.
Term
amine hormones are derived by modifying the structure of certain _______.
Definition
amino acids
Term
hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine include __________. (a group that includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)
Definition
catecholamines
Term
another example of an amine hormone based on tryosine and adding the mineral iodine is __________.
Definition
T3 & T4 (Thyroxine)
Term
Hormones composed of short amino acid chains are ________ hormones.
Definition
peptide
Term
Hormones composed of longer, more complex amino acid chains are called _______ hormones.
Definition
protein
Term
Hormones with carbohydrate side chains are called _________ hormones.
Definition
glycoprotein
Term
steroid hormones are derived from ___________.
Definition
cholesterol
Term
list 4 organs that secrete steroid hormones and an example of the hormone they secrete.
Definition
Adrenal cortex - cortisol
Kidneys - calcitriol
Testes - testosterone
ovaries - estroten & progesterone
Term
the greatest variety of hormones belong to which chemical group?
Definition
proteins/peptides (water soluble)
Term
what are some examples of lipid soluble hormones?
Definition
steroid, thryroid
Term
what are some examples of water soluble hormones?
Definition
amine, peptides & proteins
Term
Transport form (bound to plasma protein or free molecule):
lipid soluble hormones?
water soluble hormones?
Definition
lipid - bound to plasma protein
water - free molecule
Term
Location of target cell receptors:
lipid soluble?
water soluble?
Definition
lipid - cytosol or nucleus
water - plasma membrane
Term
mechanism of target cell response:
lipid soluble?
water soluble?
Definition
lipid - activation of gene (DNA) & turn on protein synthesis
water - activation of 2nd messenger
Term
what is the response produced from a muscle cell?
Definition
contraction
Term
what is the response produced from a secretory cell?
Definition
changes the rate of secretion
Term
what is the response produced from most cells?
Definition
1. stimulates the transport of a substance into or out of the target cells
2. altering the rate of specific metabolic reactions
Term
what is a 2nd messenger? and how do they work?
Definition
specific hormone stimulated response inside the cell. they activate one or more protein kinases, which may be free in the cytosol or bound to the plasma membrane.
Term
for which class of hormones (water soluble or lipid soluble) are 2nd messenger systems needed?
Definition
water soluble
Term
list the three type of inputs that can regulate the rate of hormone secretion.
Definition
1. signal form the nervous system
2. chemical changes in the blood
3. other hormones
Term
what controls the stiumation of the adrenal medulla by sympathetic neurons?
Definition
neuron signals
Term
what controls low calcium levels that stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion?
Definition
chemical composition of ECF
Term
what controls the ACTH to stimulate cortisol secretion?
Definition
controlled by another hormone
Term
what controls high blood glucose stimulating insulin secretion?
Definition
chemical composition of ECF
Term
what controls the stimulation of neuroendocrine cells of hypothalamus by other brain regions?
Definition
neuron signals
Term
the pituitary gland is also called the ____________.
Definition
hypophysis
Term
anenohypophysis
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones?
Definition
anterior pituitary & hypothalamus
Term
composed of nervous tissue
Definition
hypothalamus & posterior pituitary
Term
neurohypophysis
Definition
posterior pituitary
Term
produce hormones that influence several peripheral glands
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
store and release hormones actually produced by the hypothalamus
Definition
posterior pituitary
Term
TSH
Definition
Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin
Term
ACTH
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Term
GHRH
Definition
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Term
LH
Definition
Luteinizing hormone
Term
FSH
Definition
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Term
GHIH
Definition
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
Term
GnRH
Definition
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Term
PIH
Definition
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
Term
TRH
Definition
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Term
GH
Definition
growth hormone
Term
CRH
Definition
corticotropin-releasing hormone
Term
PRH
Definition
prolactin-releasing hormone
Term
PRL
Definition
prolactin
Term
What two hypothalamic hormones affect the GH?
Definition
GHIH & GHRH
Term
what two hypothalamic hormones affect PRL?
Definition
PIH & PRH
Term
what hypothalamic hormone affects TSH?
Definition
TRH
Term
what hypothalamic hormone affects ACTH?
Definition
CRH
Term
what hypothalamic hormone affects both FSH & LH?
Definition
GnRH
Term
Which hormones are called tropic hormones?
Definition
LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH
Term
which anteriory pituitary hormone stimulates bone growth?
Definition
GH
Term
which anteriory pituitary hormone stimulates thyroid gland?
Definition
TSH
Term
which anteriory pituitary hormones stimulate ovaries and testes?
Definition
LH & FSH
Term
which anteriory pituitary hormone stimulates milk production by mammary glands?
Definition
PRL
Term
which anteriory pituitary hormone stimulates adrenal cortex?
Definition
ACTH
Term
which anteriory pituitary hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?
Definition
FSH & LH
Term
The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones actually produced by the _________. What are the 2 hormones?
Definition
hypothalamus, oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Term
The hypothalamus secretes _____________ which influence the ___________.
Definition
releasing & inhibiting hormones, anterior pituitary
Term
The hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to ___________, which stores and secretes what two hypothalamic hormones?
Definition
posterior pituitary, oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Term
The anterior pituitary produces what 6 hormones?
Definition
GH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH
Term
GH stimulates what organ?
Definition
liver
Term
TSH stimulates what organ
Definition
thryroid gland
Term
FSH & LH stimulate what organs?
Definition
ovaries & testes
Term
PRL stimulates what organ?
Definition
mammary glands
Term
ACTH stimulates what organ?
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
what are the two hormones grouped as "thyroid hormone"?
Definition
T3 & T4
Term
what dietary mineral is essential to normal thyroid function? what is the function of this mineral?
Definition
iodine - a structural component of T3 & T4
Term
list several effects of the thyroid hormone.
Definition
1. increases basal metabolic rate
2. enhance actions of the catecholamines by up-regulating beta receptors
3. accelerate body growth, specifically the nervous & skeletal systems
Term
regulation of thyroid hormone involves ________ secreted by the hypothalamus which regulates ________ secreted by the anterior pituitary, which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete _________.
Definition
TRH, TSH, T3 & T4
Term
PTH is directly involved in the homeostatic regulation of _________.
Definition
calcium
Term
(low/high) levels of calcium stimulate PTH secretion. The overall effect of PTH is to (raise/lower) the level of calcium back toward normal.
Definition
low, raise
Term
how does PTH affect bone tissue?
Definition
inhibits bone resorption, activation of osteocytes
Term
how does PTH affect kidneys?
Definition
it decreases blood phosphate level & increases blood calcium & magnesium levels, and promotes formation of the hormone calcitriol.
Term
how does PTH affect the small intestine?
Definition
calcitriol stimulates increased absorption of calcium from foods in the GO tract, which helps increase the blood level of calcium
Term
PTH and calcitonin are both involved in calcium homeostasis, but ________ is normally most important.
Definition
PTH
Term
PTH is secreted in response to (higher/lower) than normal levels of blood calcium, and calcitonin is secreted in response to _______ than normal levels.
Definition
lower, higher
Term
What is the major action of calcitonin? and what is the major target organ?
Definition
inhibits the activity of osteoclasts by decreasing the blood calcium levels. bone tissue
Term
all adrenal cortex hormones are classes as ________ and are syntesized from ________.
Definition
steroids, cholesterol
Term
name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: aldosterone
Definition
mineralocorticoids
Term
name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: male sex hormones
Definition
androgens
Term
name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: cortisol
Definition
glucocoricoids
Term
name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: regulate electrolyte and water balance of ECF
Definition
mineralocorticoids
Term
name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: influence carbohydrate metabolism; increasing blood glucose levels
Definition
glucocorticoids
Term
name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: important in response to stress
Definition
glucocorticoids
Term
name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: regulates Na+ and K+ excretion by kidneys
Definition
mineralocorticoids
Term
name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: pharmaceutical preparations used to depress inflammation
Definition
glucocorticoids
Term
name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: anabolic steroids
Definition
androgens
Term
secretion of cortisol is regulated primarily by the hormone ______.
Definition
ACTH
Term
ACTH is controlled by ______ from the hypothalamus.
Definition
CRH
Term
the adrenal medulla is actually a modified glanglion of the ________ division of the autonomic nervous system. what two hormones does it produce?
Definition
sympathetic, epinephrine & norepinephrine
Term
What is the major function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Definition
produce effects that enhance those of the sympathetic division of the ANS during stress
Term
what is a stressor?
Definition
any stimulus that produces a stress response
Term
the generalized nonspecific responses of the body to stressors are known as the ______________ syndrome.
Definition
general adapatation
Term
list the three stages of the general adapatation syndrome, in sequence:
Definition
1. an initial fight-or-flight response
2. a slower resistance reaction
3. exhaustion
Term
the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome is controlled by the ________ nervous system and the adrenal _______.
Definition
autonomic, medulla
Term
the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome is controlled primarily by hormone secretion, ______ being the most significant hormone involved.
Definition
Cortisol
Term
list 3 signs of hyperthyroidism
Definition
enlarged thyroid, protruding eyes, skinny (burns fat faster)
Term
list 3 signs of hypothryroidism
Definition
swollen face (puffy eyes), low body temp, weight gain
Term
in a very young child, hypothyroidism can cause __________.
Definition
congenital hypothyroidism, "cretinism"
Term
Congenital hypothyroidism ("cretinism") is characterized by what?
Definition
severe mental retardation & stunted bone growth
Term
secretion of too much growth hormone during childhood may cause ________.
Definition
giantism
Term
Too much growth hormone during adulthood may cause _________
Definition
acromegaly
Term
Too little secretion during childhood may cause ____________.
Definition
pituitary dwarfism
Term
oversecretion of cortisol causes ___________. under secretion of cortisol causes __________.
Definition
cushings syndrome, addisons disease
Term
how does the endocrine system contribute to homeostasis?
Definition
controls body activities by releasing hormones. maintains balance in the body & releases hormones.
Term
how do the endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
Definition
they act together to coordinate functions of all body systems. The nervous system responds to changes in the environment and causes the endocrine system to respond accordingly.
Term
what are 2 main functions of all other structures but receptors?
Definition
1. conduct & focus stimulation to receptors
2. protection
Term
where is the active receptor in the eye located? what are the receptor cells?
Definition
retina. receptor cells - rods & cones
Term
where is the receptor for hearing in the ear loacted? what are the receptor cells?
Definition
cochlea of the organ of corti in the inner ear. receptor cells - hair cells
Term
where is the receptor for balance in the ear located? what are the receptor cells?
Definition
vestibule & semicircular canals of the inner ear. receptor cells - hair cells
Term
what are tropic hormones?
Definition
hormones that act on other endocrine glands. ("tropin, "stimulating")
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