Term
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Definition
| the social process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response |
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Term
| linear model of communication |
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Definition
| A transmits information to B. Emphasis is on the sender to determine the message received. Information passes through filters/noise. |
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Term
| cultural model of communication |
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Definition
| A transmits information to B. B then contributes feedback back to A. This model holds emphasis on the receiver for the complex process of making meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic set of informed hunches |
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Term
| Empiricist (positivist) worldview |
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Definition
| Goal is to predict human behavior. Assumes existence of objective reality and value-neutral research. Quantitative methods. |
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Term
| Interpretiveist worldview |
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Definition
| Goal is to understand (interpret) human behavior. Assume that truth does not exist without people to find it. Qualitative methods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus on power relationships. Believe knowledge is power; the more disseminated that knowledge, the wider spread the power. Assume there is no such thing as objectivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of knowledge - how we arrive at "reality" and "truth". |
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Term
| Socio-Psychological Tradition |
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Definition
| Scientific (objective). Studies influence communication. Behavior results from one or more variables. Past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of information processing, feedback and control in communication systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sees communication as an artful address; a practical art of talking. Public speaking is a societal function. Influence of persuasion.The power and beauty of language used by people such as Socrates and Plato. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of verbal and nonverbal signs and how their interpretations impact society. Defines communication as the process of sharing meaning through these signs. Meaning of these symbols are a chieved through common language, culturally. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis of linguistic relativity, which says that the structure of a language shapes what people think and do. Defines communication as the creation and enactment of a social reality. Shared cultural patterns and social structures influence how we communicate. Social order and reality is co-created. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focused on power relationships, and the use of language and mass media to perpetuate power imbalances. Communication seen as a tool to challenge unjust discourse by emphasizing fairness. |
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Term
| Phenomenological Tradition |
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Definition
| International analysis of everyday experience from the standpoint of the person living it. Sees communication as the experience of the self and others through dialogue. Focus on individuals' experience and subjective reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason are essential for the integrity of communication. One must accept responsibility tof the consequences of our communication, and respect and understand communicators. |
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Term
| Symbolic Interactionism (Social Constructionism) |
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Definition
| Construction of social reality. Humans act towards people or things in the basis of meanings they assign to them (stereotyping). Humans have the ability to name things (symbols). An individual's interpretation of symbols is modified by his/her thought process (minding). |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual self-conceptions result from assimilating the judgments of significant others. Symbolic interactionism. |
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Term
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Definition
| composite mental image we develop of others in community, including expectations and possible responses |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for expectatinos to evoke responses that confirm expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| people rally around symbols (ex. A country's flag) |
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Term
| Coordinated Management of Meaning |
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Definition
| Communication is the process by which we collectively create the events and objects of our social world. Conversations create social realities (intepretive, critical, AND practical) |
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Term
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Definition
| conversation that invites listening and further conversation |
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Term
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Definition
| an unwanted, repetitive communication pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| pressures we feel to respond in a certain way to what is said to us |
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Term
| Coordinated Management of Meaning as Interpretive Theory |
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Definition
| Experience of conversation is the primary social process of human life. The WAY we communicate is often more important than the content of what we say. |
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Term
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Definition
| co-constructed actions that we perform with others (language included) |
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Term
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Definition
| the narratives we use to make sense of the stories lived (action) |
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Term
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Definition
| Storytelling is the central act of communication, but the meaning of the story can only be understood within the context of the episode (sequence of speech), relationship(emerges from managed meanings), identity(self-image), and culture(web of shared meanings/values). |
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Term
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Definition
| process by wich persons collaborate in an attempt to bring into being their vision of what is necessary, noble, good (avoid what is feared or hated) |
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Term
| Coordinated Management of Meaing as Practical Theory |
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Definition
| Identify destructive patterns of communication (avoid downward spirals). Example: red/blue polarizationin the US is seen as a result of the communication patterns (republican/democratic politics) resulting in "reciprocated diatribe" (talking past one another - the other side "just doesn't get it") |
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Term
| Cosmopolitan Communication |
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Definition
| coordination with people from different backgrounds, values, etc. |
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Term
| Coordinated Management of Meaning in Ethics |
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Definition
| See value in other; the other is our brother/sister instead of seeing other as stepping stones, or a means to your own ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| Metaphor for the place where we stand our ground (values), but remain open to others |
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Term
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Definition
| invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual's preferred distance from others |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of people's use of space as a special elaboration of culture. Proxemic zones are social norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| the hypothetical outer boundary of intimate space. A breach of this by an uninvited other will result in a fight or flight response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heightened state of awareness or mental alertness that comes when proxemics expectations are violated |
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Term
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Definition
| what people predict will happen; educated guess, not wishful thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| the perceived positive or negative value assigned to a breach of expectations, regardless of the violator. |
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Term
| Communicator Reward Valence |
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Definition
| The sum of positive and negative attributes brought to the encounter plus the potential to reward or punish in the future. What can you do for me? (reward) What can you do to me? (punishment) |
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Term
| Interaction Adaptation Theory |
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Definition
| Systematic analysis of how people adjust their approach when another's behavior doesn't mesh with what's needed, anticipated or preferred |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's initial stance toward an interaction as determined by a blend of personal requirements, expectations, and desires |
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Term
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Definition
| The strong human tendency to respond to another's actions with similar behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Duty without exception; a method of determining right from wrong by thinking through the ethical valence of an act, regardless of motive |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that seeks to explain individual differences in people's ability to communicated skillfully in social situations. Assumes that people "make sense of the world through systems of personal constructs" |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive templates or stencils we fit over social reality to order our impressions of people. |
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Term
| Role Category Questionnaire |
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Definition
| Free-response survey designed to measure the cognitive complexity of interperesonal perception |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental ability to distinguish subtle personality and behavioral differences (including the ablity to take the role of the other) |
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Term
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Definition
| The main component of cognitive complexity as measured by the number of separate personal constructs used on the Role Category Questionairre (women generally score better than men) |
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Term
| Sophisticated Communication |
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Definition
| A person-centered message that accomplishes multiple goals |
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Term
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Definition
| Three stages: Goals, plans, and actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recollection of an action taken in a specific situation paired with its consequences (if-when-then memory) |
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Term
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Definition
| Messages tailored for a specific individual context. People with a range of interpersonal constructs have this ability. |
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Term
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Definition
| Person centered messages ease emotional distress expereienced by others; allaying fears |
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Term
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Definition
| once established, relationships require periodic affirmation, conflict resolution |
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Term
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Definition
| it helps when both parties in a relationship have the same level of verbal sophistication |
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Term
| Organizational effectiveness |
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Definition
| ability to succeed in the workplace |
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Term
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Definition
| match between inner feelings and outer display |
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Term
| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
| attitude of acceptance, warmth, caring, liking, respect |
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Term
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Definition
| caring skill of setting aside views and values and entering another's world without judgement or prejudice |
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Term
| Rewards and Cost of Interaction |
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Definition
| Application of Supply and Demand market models to predict the behavior of everyday living. We interact with others in a way that maximizes personal benefits and minimizes personal costs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of developing intimacy through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability |
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Term
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Definition
| Onion-like layers of beliefs and feelings about self, others, and the world |
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Term
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Definition
| Voluntary sharing of personal history, attitudes, feelings, values, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| paced and orderly process in which openness in one person leads to openness in the other |
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Term
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Definition
| Says that people try to predict the outcome of interactions. Assumes that people can accurately gauge the benefits of their actions and make sensible choices based on predictions or expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| a means of measuring relational satisfaction |
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Term
| Comparison Level of Alternatives |
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Definition
| The best outcome available in other relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that individuals should maximize pleasure and minimize pain |
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Term
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Definition
| The assumption that people want both privacy and intimacy; there's a natural tension between disclosure and withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to claim a physical location or object as one's own |
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Term
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Definition
| increased knowledge of what kind of person another is, which improves predictions of future interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| A systematic explanation of how people draw inferences about the character of others based on observed behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a self-evident trth requiring no additional proof |
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Term
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Definition
| We can put two together to yield conclusions about relational dynamics. Ex: if similarity reduces uncertainty (6) and reduced uncertainty decreases liking (7), then similarity and liking are positively related. |
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Term
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Definition
| mental representation of action sequences that may be used to achieve goals |
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Term
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Definition
| impression formation by observing a person interacting with others |
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Term
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Definition
| impression formation by asking a third party about a person |
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Term
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Definition
| impression formation through face-to-face discussion |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic of a message plan based on 1- the level of detail it provides and 2- the number of contingencies it covers |
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Term
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Definition
| uses of strategic ambiguity or humor to provide a way for parties to save face when a message fails to achieve its goal |
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Term
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Definition
| prediction that when goals aren't met, people alter lower-level elements of the message |
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Term
| Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory |
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Definition
| an intercultural theory that claims high levels of uncertainty and anxiety lead to greater misunderstanding |
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Term
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Definition
| the feeling of being uneasy, tense, or apprehensive about what might happen |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which a person interpreting a message does so in a way that's relatively similar to what was intended |
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Term
| Computer-Mediated Communication |
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Definition
| Computerized (predominantly text-based) messages that filter out most nonverbal cues |
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Term
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Definition
| Computer mediated communication deprives users of the sense that another actual person is involved in the interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Each communication medium is classified according to the complexity of the messages it can carry. Holds that computer-mediated communication bandwidth is too narrow to convey righ relational messages. |
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Term
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Definition
| the composite mental image one person forms of another |
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Term
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Definition
| online messages that contain a lot of information |
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Term
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Definition
| CMC interaction is slower than face-to-face exchange; opportunity for reflection |
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Term
| Anticipated Future Interaction |
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Definition
| Psychological Time is extended when there is likely to be future contact; if no contact is likely, little thought will be devoted |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of people's systematic handling of time in social interactions |
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Term
| Hyperpersonal Perspective |
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Definition
| CMC relationships are often more intimate than those that develop face-to-face |
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Term
| Selective Self-Presentation |
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Definition
| Online, people have the opportunity to make and sustain impression |
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Term
| Social Identity Deindividuation Theory |
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Definition
| CMC users overestimate similarity with those they meet online (especially in interest groups) |
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Term
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Definition
| a non-simultaneous medium of communication that each individual can use what he/she wants. The opportunity for deliberation, choosing words for maximum effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reason to believe that information is accurate. Face-to-face, there is less opportunity for control or manipulation. The perceived validity of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dynamic knot of contradictions in personal relationships; an unceasing interplay between contrary or opposite tendencies. People are contradictory, not always rational, and hold varying realities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication that creates, sustains, and alters relationships and the social world; social constructionism |
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Term
| Dialogue as Utterance Chain |
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Definition
| the central building blocks of meaning-making where utterance are linked to competing discourses (including what has been said in the past and responses we anticipate in the future) |
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Term
| Dialogue as Dialectical Flux |
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Definition
| The complex, unpredictable, contradictory, indeterminate nature of personal relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Switching back and forth between contrasting voices or ideas |
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Term
| Segmentation/Compartmentalization |
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Definition
| Partners isolate different aspects of their relationship |
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Term
| Dialogue as Aesthetic Moment |
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Definition
| A fleeting sense of unity through a profound respect for disparate voices in dialogue (no threat). Requires creativity and a willingness to "go with the flow". |
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Term
| Dialogue as Critical Sensibility |
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Definition
| A felt obligation to critique dominant voices, especially those that supress opposing viewpoints; a tendency to see relationships in erms of manipulation, power, and dominance; a responsibility to advocate for those who are muted |
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Term
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Definition
| A metaphor used to show how people think of the border between private and public information |
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Term
| Communication Privacy Management Theory |
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Definition
| People believe they have the right to control their private information. People control their information through the use of personal privacy rules. When others gain access to a person's private information, they become co-owners of that information, Co-owners of private information need to negotiate mutually agreeable privacy rules. When co-owners of private information don't effectively negotiate and follow mutual rules, boundary turbulence is likely. |
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Term
| Collective Privacy Boundary |
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Definition
| An intersection of the personal boundaries of the co-owners of private information |
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Term
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Definition
| shared, synchronized, negotiated privacy boundary |
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Term
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Definition
| the rights and responsibilities of co-owners |
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Term
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Definition
| A confidant fully committed to the original owner's privacy rules |
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Term
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Definition
| a recipient who sought out private information |
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Term
| reluctant (or accidental) confidant |
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Definition
| a recipient who did not seek nor want the private information |
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Term
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Definition
| an alliance formed by co-owners of private information as to who else should be allowed to know |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which a boundary permits private information to flow to others |
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Term
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Definition
| disruption of privacy management and relational trust the occurs when collective privacy boundaries aren't synchronized (intentionally or unintentionally) |
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Term
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Definition
| moral choice faced when there is reason to breach privacy boundary |
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Term
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Definition
| the tacit collusion of family members to maintain the status quo |
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Term
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Definition
| Ascribing silence to something beyond our control (ex: sleepiness, headache etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| communication about communication. "this is how I see myself, this is how I see you, this is how I see you seeing me" |
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Term
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Definition
| Interpreting an ongoing sequence by labeling one event as the cause and the following event as the response ("you started it") |
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Term
| Symmetrical communication |
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Definition
| interaction based on equal power |
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Term
| Complimentary communication |
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Definition
| interaction based on accepted difference in power |
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Term
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Definition
| controversial move to gain control of the exchange (domination) |
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Term
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Definition
| conversational move to yield control (submission) |
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Term
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Definition
| move to neutralize or level control (transitory) |
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Term
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Definition
| within addiction culture, a person whose nonassertive behavior allows another to continue their addictive habits |
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Term
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Definition
| a trap of mutually exclusive expectations; usually when the high-power party in a complementy relationship insists that the low-power party act as if it were symmetrical. Ex: if a boss asks you to treat him as a peer |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of instituting change by stepping outside of a situation and reinterpreting what it means. Ex: addiction had been viewed as a characer disorder, but the new addiction model assumes alcoholism and other addictions are diseases that can be cured |
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Term
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Definition
| A system's theory assumption that a given outcome could have occurred as the result of many interconnected factors (not cause-and-effect) |
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Term
| Social Judgement/Involvement Approach |
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Definition
| Looks at how we perceive and evaluate ideas, usually by comparing it with our present point of view or attitude |
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Term
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Definition
| the range of ideas one sees as reasonable or worthy of consideration |
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Term
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Definition
| the range of ideas one sees as unreasonable or objectionable |
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Term
| latitude of noncommitment |
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Definition
| the range of ideas one sees as neither acceptable nor objectionable |
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Term
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Definition
| the importance of an issue to a person's life (often demonstrated by membership in a group with a known stand) |
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Term
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Definition
| groups that members use to establish their identity |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceptual error where people judge messages that fall within their latitude of rejection as further from their anchor than they really are; leads to polarization (highly comitted people tend to have large latitudes of rejection) |
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Term
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Definition
| A perceptual error where people judge messages that fall within their latitude of acceptance as closer to their anchor than it really is; false affinity (very common online) |
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Term
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Definition
| Once we've judged a new message to be within our latitude of acceptance, we will adjust our attitude somewhat to accomidate the new input |
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Term
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Definition
| Attitude change in the opposite direcion of what the message advocates. Often, the more explicit the message, the greater the chances of this effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception that everyone else is doing or thinking something they aren't. Such perceived norms affect behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The path of cognitive processing that involves message elaboration and scrutiny of content |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which a person carefully considers issue-relevant arguments contained in persuasive communication |
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Term
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Definition
| a shortcut process that accepts or rejects a message based on irrelevant or emotional cues as opposed to active thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| Central route (message elaboration) requires more effort |
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Term
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Definition
| top-down thinking in which predetermined conclusions color the data. Our emotional responses may also disrupt critical thinking\ |
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Term
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Definition
| bottom-up thinking in which facts are scrutinized without bias; seeking truth wherever it might lead |
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Term
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Definition
| the distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a person's two beliefs or a belief and an action |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to avoid information that would create cognitive dissonance |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong doubts experienced after making an important close-call decision that is difficult to reverse |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that the best way to stimulate an attitude change in others is to offer just enough incentive to elicit counter-attitudinal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Public conformity to another's expectation without necessarily having a private conviction that matches the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| We are not necessarily rational animals, but we are rationalizing animals. Dissonance results from discrepancies between cognitions about self and cognitions about behavior |
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Term
| Personal Responsibility for Bad Outcomes |
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Definition
| knowledge that one's actions have unnecessarily hurt another person that generates dissonance |
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Term
| Self-Affirmation to Dissipate Dissonance |
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Definition
| Denial, forgetting, and trivialization are common alternatives to attitude change |
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Term
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Definition
| a prescriptive approach that describes and predicts task-group performance when four communication functionsare fulfilled. Assumes that group interaction impacts group decisions (process matters as much as product) |
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Term
| Promotive Group Communication |
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Definition
| interaction that moves the group along the goal path by calling attention to one of the four requisite functions |
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Term
| Disruptive Group Communication |
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Definition
| Interaction that diverts, retards, or frustrates members' ability to achieve the four functions |
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Term
| Counteractive Group Communication |
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Definition
| Interaction that members use to get group back on track |
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Term
| Function-Oriented Interaction Coding System (FOICS) |
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Definition
| A tool to record and classify the function of utterances in group discussion |
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Term
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Definition
| An uninterrupted statement of a single member that appears to serve a specific function (or multiple functions) |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking that favors rational consideration over intuitive hunches or pressure from others |
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Term
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Definition
| Beyond a planning, prescriptive model, after-the-fact analysis to asses what was done, why it was done, and what the impact was (accountability). A two-stage process involving justification (what and why) and application (show benefit) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ideal speech situation in which participants represent everyone who could be affected by their decisions, persue discourse in a spirit of seeking the common good, and are committed to finding universal ethical standards |
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Term
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Definition
| Imaginative language by a group member describing past, present, future or outside events; creative interpretations of there-and-then |
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Term
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Definition
| A symbolic explosion of lively agreement (participation and engagement) within a group in response to a member's dramatizing message |
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Term
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Definition
| The creative, imaginative shared interpretation of events that fulfills a group's psychological or rhetorical needs |
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Term
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Definition
| The content of the fantasy that has chained out within a group; STC's basic unit of analysis. Group member's meanings, emotions, motives, and actions are reflected. |
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Term
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Definition
| An agreed-upon trigger that sets off group members to respond as they did when the fantasy was first shared |
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Term
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Definition
| A cluster of related fantasy themes; greater abstractions incorporating several fantasy themes that exist when shared meaning is taken for granted |
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Term
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Definition
| The way in which two or more private symbol worlds incline toward each other; come more closely together, or overlap; group consciousness or cohesiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| A composite drama that brings large groups into a common symbolic reality, creating a rhetorical community |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of rhetorical criticism used to detect fantasy themes and rhetorical visions; the interpretive methodology of symbolic convergence theory |
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Term
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Definition
| individual actions that reflect (demonstrate) cultural meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| An interpretive approach that looks for meanings that people in a culture share, from their point of view -- who people think they are |
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Term
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Definition
| Beginning with the observation of an "interested stranger," tries to identify the layers of meaning in a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethnographers use these to see what a culture values. Ex: "pick yourself up by your bootstraps" is a reflection of American individualism |
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Term
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Definition
| Founding myths. Values of the corporation are embedded in myths and help reinforce policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| How much an individual embraces the corporate story. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| A legal entity. They have legal rights and liabilities that can be distinct from their shareholders; they may be for-profit or non-profit |
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Term
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Definition
| Encroachment of modern corporations into every area of life outside the worldplace (ex: product availability, prices, use of natural resources etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| views communication as merely a conduit for the transmission of information aout the real world (linear) |
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Term
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Definition
| Views language as the principal medium through which social reality is created and sustained. (cultural) |
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Term
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Definition
| collaborative decision-making; participatory democracy in the workplace |
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Term
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Definition
| A systematic logic, set of routine practices, and ideology that values control over all other concerns |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which employees actively, though unknowingly, accomplish managerial interests in a faulty attmept to fulfill their own |
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Term
| Systematically Distorted Communication |
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Definition
| operating outside of employees' awareness, a form of discourse that restricts what can be said or even considered (establishment of expectations, norms) |
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Term
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Definition
| Suppression of conflict without employees realizing that they are self-censoring |
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Term
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Definition
| Stakeholders' free expression of ideas that may, or may not, affect managerial decisions (based on Jeffersonian marketplace of ideas) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stakeholder democracy; the process by which all stakeholders in an organization negotiate power and openly reach collaborative decisions |
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Term
| Politically Attentive Rational Constructionism (PARC) |
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Definition
| A collaborative view of communication based in conflict |
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