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Definition
| The effects of the environment on development |
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| How our biological or genetic heritage influences individual differences in a variety of factors, including intelligence. |
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| Psychologist was responsible for developing the first intelligence test and creating the concept of mental age |
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| Area of the brain would most likely be damaged if an individual was having difficulties with balance and the execution of fine motor movements |
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| Someone in a _____ ______ travels away from home or work unexpectedly, cannot recall his or her past, and becomes confused about his or her identity, sometimes assuming a new identity. |
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| The “cause” in the hypothesis is represented by the |
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| A representative subset of people that are chosen to participate in a study |
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| Antipsychotic medications treat symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking the transmission of the neurotransmitter dopamine and are, therefore, characterized as ______ drugs. |
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Definition
| A type of non-associative learning that occurs when repeated presentations of a stimulus eventually reduce responses to that stimulus. |
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| According to Sigmund Freud’s theory of dreams, the plot of the dream, such as being chased by zombies, constitutes the |
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| A psychological disorder involving sudden periods of extreme fear and anxiety marked by a dramatically increased heart rate, difficulty breathing, and intense fear that has no discernible cause. |
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| when the amount of time between getting a reinforcer and the next one becoming available keeps changing |
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Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson's Eight Psycho-Social Stages)
Dependence on others; are others reliable? |
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Definition
Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame (Erikson's Eight Psycho-Social Stages)
capable of self-control; allowed to exercise it? |
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Definition
Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson's Eight Psycho-Social Stages)
can set goals; is that encouraged? |
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Definition
Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson's Eight Psycho-Social Stages)
can reason, likes success; praised and taught? |
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Definition
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson's Eight Psycho-Social Stages)
can reflect on identity and consider multiple roles; willing to make an effort to integrate all those roles? |
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Definition
Intimacy. vs. Isolation (Erikson's Eight Psycho-Social Stages)
ready to break away from family and form new intimate relationships; willing to share yourself? |
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Definition
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson's Eight Psycho-Social Stages)
kids are gone- you're free; show interest in others? |
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Definition
Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson's Eight Psycho-Social Stages)
reflecting on your life; accept it all? |
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Definition
| The biological part of our personality and the built-in sexual and aggressive needs that drive our behavior, acting on the pleasure principle- do what feels good and do it now. |
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Definition
| The rational, realistic part of our personality, involving learning, problem solving, and reasoning, acting on the reality principle- do what will get your needs met effectively, efficiently, and without getting yourself hurt |
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Definition
| The social part of our personality that allows us to get along with other people. operating according to the morality principle- do what's right and don't do what's wrong. |
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| Face validity (or content validity) |
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Definition
| refers to what the test looks as though it's measuring what it's supposed to. |
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| refers to how well scores on the test predict actual behavior of the type the test is supposed to measure. |
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| refers to whether scores on the questionnaire are related in expected ways to scores on other questionnaires |
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| involve comparing people of different ages at the same point in time, use separate cohorts, and a chance result can occur because individuals may be different, due to the era they grew up in rather than the aging process |
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Definition
| characterized by slower breather and irregular, relatively erratic brain waves, lasts five minutes, hypnogogic sensations like falling or floating may be experienced, alpha waves cease and are replaced by slower theta waves |
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Definition
| lasts about 20 minutes and involved deeper relaxation and occasional bursts of rhythmic brainwaves called sleep spindles and K-complexes. |
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Definition
| as this begins, the brain starts to produce delta waves which appear on an EEG monitor as slow, large waves. |
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Definition
| involves stronger, more consistent delta waves. With stage 3, referred to as slow-wave sleep, lasting about 30 minutes. The most difficult stages to wake from. |
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Definition
| Stages 3 and 4. Lasts about 30 minutes. The most difficult stages to wake from. |
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Definition
(rapid eye movement)
brain waves are similar to Stage 1, but breathing is more rapid and irregular, heart rate increases, and the eyes dart back and forth. Most people dream in this stage. Also called paradoxical sleep. |
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Definition
| false thoughts; for example, believing that you are someone famous (Jesus, Teddy Roosevelt, and so forth) |
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Definition
| the presence of physical symptoms usually associated with some sort of disease or physical disorder, but which cannot be explained in terms of a medical condition. |
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Definition
| the psychological principle that explains that whether or not an individual notices a faint stimulus is dependent upon a number of variables, including expectations and experiences. |
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Definition
| refers to the idea that we feel obligated to help those who have helped us |
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Definition
| The part of the brain that seems to be most important for monitoring hunger-related signals |
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Term
| Lateral hypothalamus (LH) |
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Definition
| Responsible for increasing hunger. Stimulation of this region causes eating, even among animals that are well-fed, and damage will decrease or eliminate hunger. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to those who favor a ________ approach, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors stem from the interaction of innate drives and society’s restrictions on the expression of these drives. |
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Term
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Definition
| believed that consciousness was made up of basic elements that were combined in different ways to produce different precepts. Wanted to discover the form, or basic elements, of mental experience. Favored introspection. |
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Definition
| interested in how mental experiences or processes were adaptive, or functional, for people. Believed that consciousness and behavior in general helped people and animals adjust to their environments. |
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Definition
| focuses on understanding how physiological and biochemical processes might produce psychological phenomena. Explanations of behavior are ultimately reducible to the workings of genes, the nervous system, hormones, neurotransmitters, and so forth. |
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Term
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Definition
| believed that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors stem from the interaction of innate drives and society's restrictions on the expression of those drives (ie Freud) and look at how we resolve those conflicts to determine our personality. |
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Definition
| explains behavior primarily in terms of learned responses to predictable patterns of environmental stimuli (ie Pavlov). Study animals in order to glean general principles of learning that might be applied to humans. |
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Definition
| focuses on explaining behavior in terms of expectations, feelings, thoughts, and so on. Study problem solving, attention, memory, and other thought processes. |
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Definition
| believe people are motivated by a desire for optimal growth and development (self-actualization), everyone comes with unique set of desires, abilities, skills, and needs, and must express those to be happy. People are basically good- focus on positive aspects of development (how to feel good about self). Emphasizes the need for empathy, acceptance, and genuineness in the development of a healthy personality |
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Term
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Definition
| one can learn operant behaviors indirectly. That is, an individual personally does not need to be reinforced or punished for something in order to do it more or less often; he or she can learn what the consequences are by watching them happen to other people and then apply what they have learned to their own lives. |
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Definition
| involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a learned response. |
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Definition
| A type of behavior modification used to weaken or eliminate an unwanted learned response |
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Term
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Definition
| involves an increase or decrease in the probability of a response occurring as a result of reinforcement or punishment. also known as instrumental conditioning by Edward Thorndike, but known as _________ _________ by B.F. Skinner. |
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Term
| Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft |
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Definition
| Examples of antidepressant drugs, which prevent the re-uptake of serotonin, which eventually results in an elevated mood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Examples of anti-anxiety drugs, which reduce arousal by depressing activity in the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Examples of anti-psychotics, which treat the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking the operation of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is overabundant in people with psychotic symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| frequently accompanied by low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin at synapses in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The message traveling along the axon of a neuron is in the form of an ________ _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication between neurons takes the form of a ________ _________ known as a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Afferent and efferent neurons |
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Definition
| Sensory and motor neurons that send messages to and from the central nervous system. |
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Definition
| A statistical procedure that reduces the number of variables by identifying those which correlate highly with each other (also how the Big Five personality traits were discovered). |
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Term
| the Big Five personality traits |
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Definition
| Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism |
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Term
| Cannon-Bard theory of emotion |
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Definition
Perceiving a stimulus that has relevance to one's well-being will generate arousal and a subjective emotional experience simultaneously.
Crazed dog -> Arousal and Fear (at the same time) |
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Term
| James-Lange theory of emotion |
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Definition
The perception of a stimulus causes arousal first, which then causes us to feel emotion. (Without the arousal, we wouldn't be afraid).
Crazed dog -> arousal -> fear |
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Term
| Two-factor theory of emotion |
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Definition
Stanley Schacter's theory. The quality of an emotional experience depends on how arousal is labeled. Arousal is the same physiologically, regardless of which emotion we might experience. The emotions are only different based on the decision to give them different names.
Crazed dog -> Arousal and label > fear |
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Term
| Facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| The activity of facial muscles tells us whether we're happy or not. |
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Term
| Difference threshold (or Just Noticeable Difference) |
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Definition
| The smallest difference between two similar stimuli a human being can detect |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus |
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Definition
| a split in consciousness that allows the person to become aware of his or her activities while under hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| work by producing a state of consciousness that is different from normal consciousness by stimulating, imitating, or hindering that activity of neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoactive drugs that increase the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and create a feeling of euphoria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoactive drugs that alter perceptions and create sensations with no physical basis (ie LSD, PCP, and marijuana) |
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Term
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Definition
| a process related to meditation in which an individual uses body processes such a breathing or heart rate to convey information to him or herself in real-time in order to increase awareness and conscious control of related physiological activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when larger and larger doses of a drug are required in order to produce that same state of relaxation and euphoria. |
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Term
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Definition
| the awareness of events and internal and external stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep stages in which neither rapid eye movement nor dreams occur in any of the other stages of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Images in dreams that appear to the dreamer and can be consciously remembered. |
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Term
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Definition
| states that brain neurons randomly fire during sleep and as a person awakens, he or she constructs a dream in order to make sense of the randomly generated images created by the brain during sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| states that dreams are a way of consolidating information and so as we sleep, our brains create dreams to sort out the day’s activity and lock them into our memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychological process that directs and gives energy to behavior. |
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Definition
| blood sugar used by the body to provide energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| a weight our body attempts to maintain. |
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Term
| Internal physiological cues |
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Definition
| come from within the body and indicate a need. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical produced by the kidneys involved in regulating thirst. |
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Term
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Definition
| is produced by the pituitary gland and is involved in regulating thirst. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain is transmitted to the brain by way of the ________ |
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Term
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Definition
| The ____ pathway of pain notes localized pain and directly relays that information to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ____ pathway of pain carries longer-acting pain information such as with chronic pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ronald Melzack propsed the ___ ______ theory of pain that states that a “neurological gate” located in the spinal cord controls conduction of pain impulses to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter used by many of the brain's neural circuits to deliver pain signals to the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| innate, unlearned behavior patterns that help the organism to survive. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ____ theory proposes that organisms have basic needs that must be met for survivial (eating, drinking, sleeping) and must maintain a state of homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| opposing cognitions (beliefs, emotions, behaviors) serve to compel the mind to modify existing thoughts or beliefs or obtain new beliefs in order to decrease the conflict between cognitions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theories of _______ motivation state that stimuli in one’s external environment can motivate behavior due to the desire to approach or avoid the stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| a humanist, proposed that individuals work to become self-actualized, a process that leads to a person’s mature personality. |
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Definition
| A neural impulse that drives a person to action. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that is also called epinephrine. It is released by the adrenal glands and causes readiness reactions such as increased heart rate and increased blood flow to muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain’s _____ system is associated with drives such as those for food and sex and emotions such as anger and fear. |
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Term
| Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
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Definition
| involved in arousal and wakefulness and thus assists the brain’s cortex in more effectively analyzing sensory data. |
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Term
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Definition
| believed that emotional expressions are, at first, learned behavior and then eventually become inborn in a species and assist in survival. |
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Definition
| As a general rule, performance at a task is best when arousal is ____. |
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Definition
| Psychologists are tracking the behavior of a specific group of individuals over a long period of time in a __________ study. |
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Definition
| a group of people born at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of gathering new information about the environment and applying it to what is already known. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the _________ stage (0-2 yrs), children lack object permanence and think only in terms of what they can sense and what they can do with those things they sense. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children in the _________ stage (2-6 yrs) have developed object permanence, do not use logical reasoning, lack conservation, and are highly egocentric. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to understand that some aspects of objects such as mass, volume, or weight do not change even though the object’s appearance has been changed somehow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children in the ________ (6-12) operational stage develop conservation and can think logically in the context of concrete problems and begin to develop concepts and can organize the concepts into categories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children in the ____ (12+) operational stage of development can think abstractly, hypothetically, and scientifically. |
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Term
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Definition
| a one-celled organism that is formed when a sperm penetrates an egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when the zygote is implanted in the uterus and vital organs and body systems begin to form. |
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Definition
| body structures become functional and movement occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that can lead to birth defects or developmental malformations. |
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Term
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Definition
| can occur if a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy and can cause birth defects such as retardation, low birth weight, and distinct facial characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| unlearned responses to stimuli that infants are born with. |
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Term
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Definition
| the most highly developed sense at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| In Lawrence Kohlberg’s (1927-1987) __________ level of moral development, children behave because they are ordered to and will be punished if they do not obey. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the _________ level of moral development, children’s behavior is based on trust, understanding, and knowledge of social order. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals exhibiting _________ morality realize that laws are situational and can be changed and behavior is based on chosen ethics and morals. |
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Term
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Definition
| the emotional connection between an infant and a caretaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| a quick and relatively permanent type of learning that occurs for a narrow time frame early in life. |
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Term
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Definition
| states that activity is vital for maintaining quality of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasize the importance of the unconscious part of the mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| developed psychoanalysis, a treatment process based upon his theory of psychosexual stages of development. |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ stage of psychosexual development is characterized by maturation of sexual orientation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud used a technique known as ____ ___________, which requires a patient to relax and report everything that comes to mind. |
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Definition
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Definition
| active exclusion of unconscious impulses or thoughts from the consciousness. |
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Definition
| Attributing one’s feelings, shortcomings, or unacceptable impulses to other people |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior patterns that are opposite to our anxiety producing urges |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism in which one redirects anxiety producing behaviors to a more acceptable target. |
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Term
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Definition
| resorting to earlier stages of development in order to avoid anxiety or responsibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| redirecting sexual or aggressive impulses into more socially acceptable direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| an attempt to hide perceived deficiencies in one area by excelling in another. |
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Definition
| a contemporary of Freud, developed a theory called analytical psychology. Said the collective unconscious contains hidden memory traces from a person’s ancestors. |
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Definition
| emotionally charged images and thoughts that have universal meanings and may show up in a culture’s art and religion. |
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Definition
| a feeling of being isolated in a potentially unfriendly world. |
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Definition
| A psychologist who theorized that many adult characteristics are formed in order to deal with basic anxiety, and believed that outside of the family, females encounter harmful effects due to the higher value in society placed on being male, resulting in women’s lack of self-esteem |
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Term
| Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) |
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Definition
| believed that individuals strive for self-actualization, fulfillment of one’s potential, but cannot achieve this until certain more basic needs are met. |
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Term
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Definition
| believed that a good deal of our learning, behavior, and personality is formed through observing the behavior of others. |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| A type of self-report used to diagnose psychological disorders including personality problems by measuring a number of personality dimensions. |
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Term
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Definition
| techniques by which a therapist can assess a subject’s personality by presenting ambiguous material and therefore requiring the subject to respond. |
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Term
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Definition
| developed by Hermann Rorschach to examine subjects' problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the study of the individual, who is recognized as an entity, with characteristics that set him apart from others. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves studying a cohort of individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that is associated with aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs by watching the behavior of others and can influence the learning of aggressive behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of attitude scale in which people are asked how much they like or dislike a statement or topic. |
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Term
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Definition
| explains the causes for a person’s behavior in terms of outside factors such as weather or influence from others. |
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Term
| Dispositional attribution |
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Definition
| explains the causes for a person’s behavior or actions in terms of factors within the person such as intelligence or personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| When people attribute good things that happen to people they don’t like to situational factors (such as luck) and bad things that happen to the person to dispositional factors (such as the person’s immaturity) |
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Term
| Normative social influence |
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Definition
| Pressure to comply with a norm based on concern about being rejected by a group |
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Term
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Definition
| performed a famous experiment on obedience to authority in which he, the authority figure, convinced subjects to deliver progressively stronger “shocks” to another person when that person gave wrong answers to questions asked by the subject (no shocks were actually delivered). |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that is focused on helping others through unselfish actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which an increasing number of witnesses to an emergency decreases the likelihood that a person will intervene and help in the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which a person’s performance is decreased when he or she is working in a group. |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon among group members in which people conform to what they perceive as the consensus of the group and therefore allow the group to make bad or irrational decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| states that as an individual goes through life, he or she works to maximize rewards and minimize costs or efforts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposed that love has three components: passion, intimacy, and commitment. |
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