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Definition
End process has negative impact (opposite result) on process.
Example: Decrease blood to the brain-stimulation of the heart-increased blood to brain-increase blood pumped |
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Definition
End-product feeds back to increase its own production-can be dangerous
Example: giving birth (cycles increase until animal is born) |
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reaction feeds forward (feeds on itself)
Example: Tear in blood vessel, clotting factor 1, clotting factor 2, etc... |
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Definition
| Increase in number of cells |
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| Increase in size of cells |
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| makes up the skin, outer surface of the body |
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| the selectively permeable outer membrane of the cell that is composed of a lipid bylayer, and cholesterol |
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| the part of the cell body that contains DNA adn aids in several body functions |
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| a system of channels within the cell that run from the nucleus to the exterior cell membrane |
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Definition
| an organelle located near the nucleus that is shapted like sacs that are stacked and flattened at the ends. It is believed to be involved in the synthesis of proteins and enzymes |
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Definition
| the primary sources of ATP formation for aerobic cell respiration |
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| the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane with the aid of carrier proteins and also requires a concentration gradient. This reaction is otherwise unable to be performed as simple diffusion, and it requires no energy or ATP. Examples would be amino acids and glucose |
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Definition
| The ability of some melecules, such as water, oxygen and CO2 to pass through the cell membrane without the additional aid of carrier proteins. Particles move with the concentration gradient. |
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Definition
| the proces that moves ions or molecules across the cell membrane and against the conentration gradient; requires energy (usually in the form of ATP) and a protein carrier |
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| Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis |
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Definition
cell engulfs a particle that is too large for diffusion
cell enguls liquid "fat" |
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| Osmosis and water movement |
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Definition
movement of WATER from low particle (high water) concentration to high particle (low water) concentration. Diffusing from an area of more water and less particles to an area of lower water and more particles.
Water will move from hypotonic (less particles) to hypertonic (more particles) |
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Definition
| Heat energy transmitted as rays to surrounding areas-no direect contact or medium for transfer |
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Definition
| heat energy passes by direct contract through a nonmoving medium-example is animal lying on a concrete floor-result in rapid heat loss, dependint on temperature difference |
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Definition
| like conduction, except medium is moving-animals standing in cold wind or in water-the medium is moving and the heat is transferred away form teh animal and causes much more rapid heat loss |
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Definition
| heat is transferred through the conversion of liquids on the skin to water vapor-mechanism of heat loss during sweating or panting-rates are increased by convection |
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Definition
| outermost layer of the skin-consists of cells that are no longer living-is insensensitive and has no direct blood supply |
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Definition
| contains nerves, blood vessels and the root of the hair follicle |
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| Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands |
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Definition
| produce salty sweat, involved in temperature regulation |
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| Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands |
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Definition
| produce salty sweat, involved in temperature regulation |
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Definition
| contains nerves, blood vessels and the root of the hair follicle |
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Term
| Hair shaft=cortex, medulla, and cuticle |
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Definition
Cortex is generally the largest of these
Medulla may be absent
Cuticle is usually affected by conditioers |
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Definition
| may be severe enough to cause rotation of the coffin bone through the sole of the hoof. Too much carbohydrate in the diet for digestion-produces lactic acid bacteria-endotoxins are absorbed and reduce ciculation in the extremities |
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Definition
| Mature bone cell. Located in the spaces in the ossified matrix called lacunae |
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Definition
| The cells that produce bone. They develop from cartilage cells and mature into bone-producing cells |
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Definition
| cells of the bone that absorb bone and structures adn reshape remodel damaged bone. Bone destroying cells. |
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| the growth plate of a long bone. Epiphyseal plates are located at the junction of the proximal and distal epiphyses with the diaphysis. They are areas where long bones increase in length by teh process of endochondral bone formation. When an animal reaches its full size, the epiphyseal plate of its bones completely ossify and the bones cease their growth |
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| layer of bone matrix (osteiod) primarily consisting of collagen |
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Definition
| inorganic matrix-composed of crystalline salt made up of calcium and phosphate |
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| the hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland that prevents the level of calcium in the blood from getting too low |
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Definition
| a fat-soluable vitamin essential for life in most organisms. Vitamin D enables the body to use calcium and phosphorus and is necessary for the formation of healthy bones and teeth. Enhances Ca2+ uptake in the gut and opposes the effects of PTH. Increases blood Ca+. |
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Definition
| the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that prevents the level of calcium in teh blood from getting to high. Stimulates a decrease in blood Ca2 and increases PTH release which is much more powerful than calcitonin |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| the brain and spinal cord. Processes information and sends and receives information |
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Term
| Somatic nervous system-Peripheal Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| transmits all information from environment to central nervous system |
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| Symathetic nervous system-Peripheal Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| Fibers leave teh spinal cord throught all thoracic and 1st one or two lumbar vertebrae. Most important regarding ciculation. |
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Definition
| a whole body response resulting from an animal feeling threatened that prepares the body for intense physical activity. It results from a comnination of direct sympathetic nerve stimulation and the release of epinephrine and noepinephrine into the bloodstream from the adrenal gland. Effect in the body include increased heart rate and output, increased blood pressure, dilated air passageways in the lungs and decreased gastrointestinal function |
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Term
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Definition
| commonly called adrenaline. A hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland under stimulation by the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system. It produces part of the fight-or-flight response that results when an animal feels threatened |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland under stimulation by the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system. It produces the fight-or-flight response when an animal feels threatened. |
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Definition
| Drugs which mimic the effect of the sympathetic nervouse system (epinephrine) |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| part of the automonic nervous system that is responsible for the "rest-and-restore" response. Arises from cranial nerves 3, 4, 5, and 6 and sacral spinal nerves |
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Definition
| Drugs that mimic the parasympathetic nervous system (acetylcholine is example). Important in vegetative functions |
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Definition
| basal activity of the sympathetic system |
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Definition
| basal activity of the parasympathetic system-usually allows sympathetic to incrase or decrease organ's activity |
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Definition
| receives incoming messages from other nerve cells-has a starlike shape |
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Definition
| the cell body of the neuron-synthesizes neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| transmits messages outward to other cells |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| due to the difference in ion concentrations, there are relatively more positve ions on the outside than on the inside. Therefore it is more positive on the outside relative to the inside. The difference between the outside of the cell verses the inside. Polarized state of the membrane |
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Definition
| pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell-through active transport requiring a concentration gradient and energy in the form of ATP |
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Definition
| mechanism of transmitting a nervous impulse-results from depolarizing the nerve cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane suddenly becomes more permeable to Na+-when the inside of the cell suddenly becomes more positive relaative to the outside due to the inflow of Na+ |
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Term
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Definition
| when the amount of Na+ rushing into the cell causes the inside of the membrane to acutally become positive relative to the outside |
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Definition
| the influx of Na+ is shut off-K+ suddenly allowed to rush out of the cell causing the membrane to become more positive on the outside relative to the inside. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the amount of K+ rushing out of the cell causes the outside to become more positive than the inside due to the closing of the K+ channel (reverse overshoot) |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus greatly increases the rate at which Na+ leaks into the cell (through sodium leak channel)-membrane potential changes until Na+ channels open |
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Term
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Definition
| the depolarized neuron must first be repolarized before it is capable of another action potential |
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Term
| Absolute refactory period |
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Definition
| the point at which no amount of stimulus will initate another action potential. K+ channels are open and K+ is still rushing in, Na+ channels are in resting state |
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Term
| Relative refactory period |
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Definition
| Na+ channels are reset to resting state and K+ channels are still open-can have an AP but takes a large stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| an AP at one point on the membrane will cause adjacent portions to depolarize, therefore the AP is self-propagating |
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Definition
| cellular membrane that forms the myelin sheath for axons |
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Term
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Definition
| layer after layer of lipid substance layed down by the Schwann cells |
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Term
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Definition
| unmyelinated areas of the axon between two adjacent Schwann cells that are involved in rapid conduction of nerve impulses along the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| because nodes are the only thing that can depolarize, action potential jumps from node to node |
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Term
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Definition
| the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and another target cell |
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Definition
| the neuron that is stimulated by the depolarization wave to release a neurotransmitter into the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| physical gap between two communicating neurons or between a neruon or between a neuron and its target cell |
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Definition
| the neuron that contains the receptors to which a released neurotransmitter inds, causing depolarization or inhibition of depolarization of the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| the passage of materials too large to diffuse through the cell membrane by packaging them into vesicles, transporting them to the cell membrane, and then pressing them out of the cell |
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Term
| Excitatory postsynpatic potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| chemicals released by neurons at the synapse that tend to cause excitation or depolarization of other neurons or target tissues-subthreshold potential builds up on each other until threshold potential is reached and action potential occurs-usually takes more the 1 EPSP for AP to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| more negative on the inside relative to the outside than usual |
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Term
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| chemicals released by neurons at the synapse that tend to depress or decrease depolarization of other neurons or target tissues |
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Definition
| prevents the neurotransmitter from binding and there blocks its effects |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to the receptor and has similar effects as the neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| stimuli from the external environment are detected by sensory receptors and transmitted as nervous impulses-sensation is determined by the brain and based on where fibers terminat in the brain-combination of receptors and destination in the brain determine the cause of the pain |
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Definition
| detect pressure on teh surface or in surrounding tissues |
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Definition
| detect touch or pressure on body surface |
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Definition
| detect pressure on internal organs or tissues |
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Definition
| sounds receptors of cochlea |
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Definition
| temperature changes alters the permeability to ions |
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Definition
| detect damage to a tissue-always result in pain impulse |
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Term
| Electromagnetic receptors |
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Definition
| detect light, which directly or indirectly alters receptors membrane permeability |
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Definition
| tdetect chemical stimuli, some examples would be taste, Smell, Blood CO2, osmolality |
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Definition
| the number of receptors picking up the stimulus and transmitting it to the brain |
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| the frequency of firing of the receptors |
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Definition
| each muscles is made up thousands of these |
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Definition
| the entire muscle is covered by this connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of muscle fibers are covered by this connective tissue layer |
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Definition
| each muscle bundle is mad eup of thousands of these |
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Term
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Definition
| each muscle fiber is covered by this connective tissue layer |
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Definition
| the membrane surrounding the muscle fiber-an excitable membrane, with an electrical potential similar to nerve cells |
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Definition
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Definition
| composed of filaments of the contractile proteins actin and myosin and are packed together longitudinally in the muscle cells |
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Definition
| each myofibil is composed of around 20,000 of these repeating units-consists of thick myosin and thin actin filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum lies within each muscle fiber (just under the sarcolemma) |
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Term
| Transverse tubules (T-tubules) |
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Definition
| compose the sarcoplamsic reticulum, longitudinal tubules that parallel muscle fibers and when tubules termintae in flattened channels they are called terminal cisternae |
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Definition
| made up of thick myosin and thin actin |
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Definition
| a thin protein that composes microfilaments, and are composed of two strands of actin protein which are wrapped around by tropomyosin |
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Definition
| 3rd protein in the thin filament consists of T, C and I |
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Definition
| a thick protein that composes microfilaments |
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Definition
| contains only thin filaments, and disappears when the muscle contracts |
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Definition
| contains only thin filaments, and shorten as the myofilaments slide over each other |
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Definition
| contain both thick and thin filaments |
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Definition
| large, myelinated fibers which branch several hundred times and can stimulate hundreds of muscle cells |
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Definition
| the nerve fiber and the muscle cells that are stimulated by the alpha motor neuron |
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Definition
| where the nerve fiber terminates |
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Definition
| increase surace area of the sarcolemma |
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Definition
| changes the resing membrane potential from as much as 50 to 75 mV-normally only 20 to 30 Mv change is required to start AP |
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Definition
| a poison that mimics the effets of acetycholine |
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Definition
| when the muscle contracts against a load, but does not shorten-used in posture, or any tupe of resistance to a load where movement does not occur |
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Definition
| the muscle shortens as it contracts-involved in movement |
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Definition
Type IIa-cross between slow and fast twitch fibers-capable of using fat and sustaining contractions
Type IIb-fast twitch-use anaerobic metabolism |
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Definition
| Type I-great ability to produce energy in the presence of O2-major fuel type is fatty acids from breakdown of fat |
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| Multiple motor unit summation |
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Definition
| incresaing the number of motor nurons firing will increase the number of muscle fibers contracting |
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Definition
| the frequency of contraction becomes so rapid that the next contraction occurs before the muscle relaxes |
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Definition
| principle of "warming up" a muscle-muscle can generate as much as 2 times the force of contraction |
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Definition
| no relaxation period-occurs because relaxation of the muslce is slower than contraction-can generate tremendous force |
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Definition
| a certain amount of tension remains within a muscle even at rest-keeps muscles ready to respond immediatly |
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Definition
| rate of degeneration exceeds the rate of synthesis-occurs after periods of relatively little use |
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Definition
| a muscle must contract to maintain its size-happens almost immediatly after atropy-result of injury or disease |
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Definition
| provide a channel for intercellular communication |
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Definition
| connects SA node to atrial fibers and is not a barrier for flow of AP's |
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Definition
| controls the rate at which the heart beats-called intrinsic pacemaker and APS generated are connected directly with atrial fibers |
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Term
| Fast opening Na+ channels |
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Definition
| cells are naturally leaky to Na+ and once TP is reach the channels open VERY quickly-see a big spike in Na+ going into the cell |
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Definition
| slower to open and remain open much longer than Na+ channels-causese a plateau instead of a spike like skeletal muscle at the top of the AP so it is also much longer |
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Definition
| start of the AP in ventricles is acheived by this-located in the right atrium and is connected to SA node fibers-causes delay in transmission of the AP from atria to ventricles |
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Definition
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Definition
| abnormaly heart rythem-often caused by blockage in thransitional fibers of conductance from SA to AV node |
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| ventriles contracting at different rates |
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Definition
| the part of the heart cycle associated with contraction of the ventricles and atria and ejection of blood into the aterial systems |
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Definition
| the part of the cardiac cycle associated with relaxation of the atria and ventricles and the filling of the chambers with blood |
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Definition
| depolarization of the atria-increased atrial pressure-increased ventricular volume-increased ventricular pressure |
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Definition
| ventricular depolarization and ventriles contracting-decreased ventricular volume-increased ventricular pressure-increased arotic pressure and atrial pressure spike due to back pressure |
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Definition
| ventricular repolarization-AV wave open soon after ventficular systole |
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