Term
| the kidney's have 5 functions, what is the first one? |
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Definition
| The kidneys play a central role in regultaing the water concentration, inorganic ion composition, acid-base balance, and the fluid volume of the internal envoroinment. |
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Term
| the kidney's have 5 functions, what is the second one? |
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Definition
| The kidneys excrete metabolic waste products into the urine as fast as they are produced |
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Term
| the kidney's have 5 functions, what is the third one? |
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Definition
| the kidney's excrete our some of the foreign chemicals. |
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Term
| the kidney's have 5 functions, what is the fourth one? |
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Definition
| gluconeogenesis. During prolonged fastening, the kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors and release it into the blood. |
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Term
| the kidney's have 5 functions, what is the fifth one? |
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Definition
| the kidneys work as secretory glands, releasing at least two hormones: erythropoietin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. the kidneys can also secrete renin, which controls blood pressure and sodium balance. |
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Term
| in what order does the urine flow? |
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Definition
| from the kidneys to the ureters into the bladder and then is eliminated through the urethra |
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Term
| each kidney contains how many nephrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| the renal capsule consists of what? |
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Definition
| the glomerulus and bowman's capsule |
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Term
| the renal corpuscle filters out what two things from getting into the nephron? |
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Definition
| it filters out cells and proteins, from the rest of the blood that enters the renal copuscle |
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Term
| the ball of capillaries in bowman's capsule is called what? |
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Definition
| the glomerulus, or glomerular capillaries |
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Term
| how does blood enter bowman's capsule? |
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Definition
| it enters the afferent arteriole and exits the efferent arteriole |
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Term
| the fluid that does not exit via the effernt arteiole exits where in the bowmans capsule? |
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Definition
| it exits via the proximal tubule. |
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Term
| where does the proximal tubule lead to? |
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Definition
| it leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. |
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Term
| the renal tubule starts at the proximal covoluted tubule and includes: |
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Definition
| the loop of henle [(descending limb (thin), thin ascending limb, and thick ascending limb)], distal convoluted tubule, the collecting duct system [(cortical collecting duct and medullary collectin duct)]. |
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Term
| the blood enters the renal corpuscle, the renal tubule, and finally comes to the? |
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Definition
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Term
| name the two capillaries in the nephron |
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Definition
peritubular capillaries- the capilaries that surrond the tubules.
glomerular capillaries- the capillaries inside the bowmens capsule. |
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Term
| the renal circulation has 2 sets of what and 2 sets of what? |
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Definition
| 2 sets of arterioles and 2 sets of capillaries |
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Term
| after supplying the tubules with blood, the peritubular cappilaries then join to...? |
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Definition
| to form the veins by which blood leaves the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| juxtamedullary, which means the renal corpuscle lies in the part of the cortex closest to the coritcal-medullary junction |
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Term
| a majority of the nephrons are...? |
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Definition
| cortical, meaning their renal corpuscles are located in the outer cortex and their henle's loops do not penetrate deep into the medulla |
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Term
| ascending limb of each loop of henle passes between the: |
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Definition
| afferent and efferent arterioles |
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Term
| where the thick ascending limb passes through the afferent and efferent tubule, the spot where both touch has macula densa along the wall of the thick ascending limb. The afferent arteriole has what kind of cells on its wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| the juxtaglomerular cells (on the afferent arteriole wall) and the macule densa (on the thick ascending limb) make what together? |
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Definition
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| urine formation begins with the filtration of plasma from the glomerular cappilaries into bowman's space. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the direction of movement is from tubular lumen to peritubular capillary plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| movement is from the peritubular plasma to the tubular lumen |
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Term
| tubular secretion can also include |
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Definition
| the movement of a solute from the cell interior to the lumen in the cases in which the kidney tubular cells themselves generate the substance |
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Term
x = amount filtered + amount secreted - amount reabsorbed
what is x? |
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Definition
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Term
| the process in the neprhon is: |
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Definition
| glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption |
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Term
| t/f: the three processes of the neprhon does not apply to all substances. ex. glucose is completley reabsorbed and toxins are fully secreted |
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Definition
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Term
| t/f: by triggering changes in the rates of filtration, reabsorption, or secretion whenever the amount of a substance in the boyd is higher or lower than the normal limits, homeostatic mechanisms can regulate the substances bodily balnce. |
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Definition
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Term
| a fourth process besides filtration, reabsoprtion, and secretion is... |
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Definition
| metabolism by the tubular cells. |
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Term
| t/f: sometimes the renal tubular cells remove substances from the blood or glomerular filtrate and metabolize them, resulting in thier disappearance from the body. In other cases, the cells produce substances and add them either to the blood or tubular fuid. |
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Definition
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