Term
| Thyroid hormone is a main regulator of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the major thyroid secretory cells organized? |
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Definition
| into colloid filled spheres |
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Term
| What three molecules does the thyroid produce? |
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Definition
| T4 (thyroxine), T3, and calcitonin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for T3? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroid hormone synthesis and storage occur on the ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The concentration o iodine is (higher/lower) in the folllicular cell than in the bloodstream. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What must happen in order for thyroid hormone to be secreted? |
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Definition
| follicular cells must phagocytize a thyroglobin-laden colloid |
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Term
| How are T3 and T4 transported? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much T3 remains unbound to plasma proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much T4 remains unbound to plasma proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three binding proteins for T3 and T4? |
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Definition
| thyroxin binding globulin, albumin, and thyroxin binding prealbumin |
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Term
| What happens to most of the T4 that is secreted outside of the thyroid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is thyroid hormone the primary determinant of? |
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Definition
| overall metabolic rate and it exerts other eefects as well |
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Term
| 90% of secreted thyroid hormone is (T3, T4). |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is 3-4 more times active than ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is T4 converted into T3? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of circulating T3 is derived from T4? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of T3 and T4, which is more potent? |
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Definition
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Term
| The thyroid hormones are _______ based. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an important part of the synthesis of thyroid hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the thyroid hormones, which one is the major form in the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ratio of T4 to T3? |
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Definition
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Term
| What coverst thyroxine to active T3? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Only a small amount of circulating thyroid hormone is __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Measuring concentration of free thyroid hormones is of great _________ value. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a thyroid hormone is bound to a plasm protein, it is not _______, therefore measuring the amount of tota thyroxine can be ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroid hormone is essential for ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroid hormone increases ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroid hormones affect _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroid hormones increase sensitivity to ___________ and increases __________. |
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Definition
| catecholamines, cardiac output |
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Term
| How is heat produced as a result of the production of thyroid hormone? |
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Definition
| the active K/Na ATPase pump |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does thyroid hormone affect the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
- it increases responsiveness to circulating catecholamines
- it increases heart rate and contraction
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Term
| Thyroid hormone is crucial for the normal development of the _________ system and i eesential for normal activity of the ____________ in adults. |
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Definition
| nervous, central nervous system |
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Term
| Thyroid hormones are also important in __________ system development. |
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Definition
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Term
| What regulates thyroid hormone? |
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Definition
| the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis |
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Term
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Definition
| it is primary failure of the thyroid gland itself, deficiency of TRH, TSH, or both, or inadequate dairy iodine |
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Term
| What are soem symptoms of hypothyroidism? |
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Definition
| poor muscle tone, fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, goiter, weight gain, and water retention |
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Term
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Definition
| overactive tissue within the thryoid gland resulting in overproduction and thus an excess of circulating free thyroid hormones: T4 and T3 |
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Term
| What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism? |
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Definition
| weight loss, intolerance to heat, and fatigue |
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Term
| What hormones does the adrenal cortex produce? |
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Definition
| glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and sex steroids |
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Term
| What is an example of a glucocorticoid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a mineralcorticoid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a sex steroid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce? |
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Definition
| norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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Term
| What are glucocorticoids involved in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are mineralcorticoids involved in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The adrenal cotex synthesizes ___________ from ___________. |
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Definition
| corticosteroids, cholesterol |
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Term
| Mineralcorticoids control mineral and ______ balance. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucocorticoids are responsible for _______, _______, and ________ metabolism. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many distinct cell types can be found in the adrenal gland? What are they? |
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Definition
| 2; chromaffin and steroidogenic cells |
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Term
| In most vertebrates, how is the adrenal gland organized? |
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Definition
| it consists of a steroid secreting cortex intermingled with chromaffin tissue |
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Term
| The adrenal (medulla/cortex) is on the inside while the adrenal (medulla/cortex) is on the outside. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mineralcorticoids are involved in ________ balance, particularly _____ and the ________/_________ system. |
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Definition
| electrolyte, Na+, renin, angiotensin |
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Term
| Mineralcorticoids help retain ______ and _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucocorticoids' response to ______ is well documented. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucocorticoids stimulate hepatic ____________, which is done with the use of _________________. |
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Definition
| gluconeogenesis, carbohydrate precursors |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids inhibit ________ uptake except in the _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucocorticoids also stimulate _________ degredation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucocorticoids facilitate ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| generalized, nonspecific response to any factor that overwhelms or threatens the body's compensatory abilities to maintain homeostasis |
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Term
| How is glucocorticoid concentration affected when there is stress? |
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Definition
| it increases in the blood |
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Term
| How do we adapt to stress with regards to glucocorticoids? |
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Definition
| by the metabolic affects of glucocorticoids |
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Term
| How do glucocorticoids affect inflamation and the immune system? |
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Definition
| anti-inflammatory and immunosupressive |
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Term
| What happens to epinephrine concentrations during a stress response? Why? |
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Definition
it increases because:
- it reinforces the sympathetic nervous system for "fight" or "flight"
- it mobilizes carbohydrate and fat energy stores, increasing blood glucose and blood fatty acids
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Term
| What happens to corticotropin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropin hormone, and cortisol concentrations during a stress response? Why? |
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Definition
it increases
- it mobilizes energy stores and metabolic building blocks for use as needed
- this increases blood glucose, blood amino acids, and blood fatty acids
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Term
| What does ACTH specifically facilitate during a stress response? |
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Definition
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Term
| The adrenal cortex secretes both _____ and _____ _____________ in both sexes |
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Definition
| male, female, sex hormones |
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Term
| The central core of the adrenal gland is surrounded by the ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The adrenal medulla is the main source of ___________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The adrenal medulla is also a source of ________ and ____________ and ________________. |
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Definition
| dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine |
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Term
| The catecholamine secreting adrenal medulla is a modified _______________________. |
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Definition
| sympathetic postganglionic neuron |
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Term
| Epinephrine affects ________ and __________. |
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Definition
| organ systems, metabolism |
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Term
| How does sympathetic stimulation affect the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
| it causes stimulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion |
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Term
| How does parasympatheric stimulation affect the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does sympathetic stimulation affect the endocrine pancreas? |
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Definition
| inhibition of insulin secretion and stimulation of glucagon secretion |
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Term
| How does parasympathetic stimulation affect the endocrine pancreas? |
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Definition
| stimulation of insulin and glucagon secretion |
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Term
| What is the function of the parathyroid gland? |
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Definition
| it maintains th body's calcium level within a very narrow range |
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Term
| Why must plasma calcium be closely regulated? |
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Definition
| to preven tchanges in neuromuscular excitability |
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Term
| 99% of calcium is located in the ______ and _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____% of calcium is located in the intracellular fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___% of calcium is located on the extracellular fluid. Half of this calcium is __________ and the other half is ________. |
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Definition
| .1, bound to plasma proteins, free in plasma |
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Term
| What are some other reasons that plasma calcium needs to be closely regulated? |
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Definition
because it is essential for:
- neuromuscular excitability
- excitation coupling contraction in cardiac muslce and smooth muscle
- stimulus secretion coupling
- maintanence of tight junctions between cells
- clotting of blood
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Term
| Control of calcium metabolism includes regulation of both calcium _________ and calcium ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is calcium homeostasis? |
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Definition
| minute to minute control of constant free plasma calcium concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| control of constant total amount of calcium in the body |
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Term
| In geeneral, how does the parathyroid raise free plasma calcium? |
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Definition
| by its affects on the bone, kidneys, and intestines |
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Term
| _______ continuously undergoes remodeling. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______'s immediate effect is to promote the transfer of calcium from _______ into _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is PTH's chronic effect? |
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Definition
| to promote localized dissolution of bone to release Ca2+ into the plasma |
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Term
| How does PTH act on the kidneys? |
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Definition
| it conserves Ca2+ and and eliminates PO4 3- |
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Term
| How does PTH act on the intestine? |
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Definition
| it indirectly promotes absorption of Ca2+ and PO4 3- |
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Term
| What is the primary signal for regulating PTH secretion? |
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Definition
| the plasma concentration of Ca2+ |
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Term
| What lowers Ca2+ concentration? Is it essential? |
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Definition
| calcitonin, it may not be |
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Term
| What is vitamin D and what is its function? |
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Definition
| it is actually a hormone and it increases absorption of Ca2+ in the intestine |
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Term
| Explain the process of vitamin D becoming functional. |
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Definition
- either the precursor cholesterol under the skin is 'activated' by sunlight or dietary cholesterol is available
- this turns into vitamin D3 but it is not active yet so it goes to the liver and kidney where two hydroxyl groups are ladded
- When it has two hydroxyl groups it becomes active which goes into the intestine to help absorb the calcium
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Term
| Is getting calcium from the stable pool in the bone faster or slower than getting it from the labile pool? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why do people get ostioporosis? |
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Definition
| because as we get older we have a hard time depositing calcium back into bone |
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Term
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Definition
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