Term
| What are the two main problems with allergies? |
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Definition
1. People with allergies are much more likely to have asthma (asthma can be fatal)
2. Can lead to anaphylaxis (fatal) |
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Term
| What kind of hypersensitivity are allergies? |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to have allergy, you need _-___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Not all airway inflammation is allergic! What other kinds are there? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Pollen grains get taken up by an antigen presenting cell
- the antigen is presented to a Th1 CD4 cell
- Th cell is activated
- B cells take up soluble protein
- B cells and T cells interact
- antibody is produced --> IgE is produced |
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Term
| In a bacterial infection, what kind of Ig would you have? What about in allergy? |
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Definition
IgG for bacteria
IgE for allergy |
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Term
| In bacterial infection, IgM is produced, but then ___ helps it switch to become IgG |
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Definition
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Term
| In the presence of ___ you get a switch to IgE |
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Definition
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Term
| In allergic response, what interleukin IS NOT sent by dendritic cell to CD4+ t cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Form, Nature, Route and Environment of allergens |
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Definition
Form- small folded molecules
Nature - small soluble proteins
Route = encountered at mucosal surfaces
Environment = environmental factors (diesel) |
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Term
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Definition
| the Fc-epsilon Receptor of mast cells |
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Term
| HOW do IgE bind to Mast cells? and why is this considered opposite to opsonization for phagocytosis? |
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Definition
- binds by its Fc region to the Fc-epsilon receptor
(this is the opposite to opsonization for phagocytosis in which the Fab regions bind down to antibody leaving their Fc regions up) |
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Term
| What happens when two IgE molecules bind to a mast cell? |
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Definition
| A signal is sent to the mast cell which tells it to degranulate |
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Term
| What happens when a mast cell degranulates? |
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Definition
- histamine is released
- cytokines and chemokines are released
- prostaglandins are released |
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Term
| Re-exposure to an allergen causes a transient rise in ___. |
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Definition
cAMP!
this is important because there are drugs that can cause it to not be transient.. instead it'll increase and stay up so that the mast cell won't degranulate |
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Term
| After cAMP goes up and comes back down, there is activation of ___ ___ _ |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens after protein kinase C gets activated? |
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Definition
- Intracellular Ca++ stores are liberated
- granule fusion and liberation
- Liberation of store cytokines
- production of arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins) |
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Term
| Arachidonic acid metabolites (are/aren't) inside granules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the "pre-formed" mast cell mediators? |
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Definition
- Histamine
- Cytokines (TNF, ECF, eotaxin, IL-5)
- Serine proteases (break down tissues)
- Proteoglycans |
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Term
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Definition
- causes increased vascular permeability
- vasodilation
- mucus secretion
- bronchoconstriction |
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Term
| ECF, eotaxin and IL-5 all attract ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the "newly formed" mast cell mediators? |
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Definition
- Arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins!! and leukotrienes)
- Platelet activating factor
- Cytokines: IL-1, IL-5, TNF |
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Term
| What is allergic rhinitis? |
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Definition
- inflammation of the nasal membranes that is characterized by sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal itching, and rhinorrhea
- not usually severe but it can alter social life, affects school and work |
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Term
| Is asthma increasing or decreasing? |
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Definition
| Increasing! Don't know why, but could be just more diganosis |
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Term
| Describe acute asthma reaction and late asthma reaction |
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Definition
Acute:
- bronchospasm
- mucus secretion
Late reaction:
- inflammation |
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Term
| Children may die from ___ response but not the ___ response |
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Definition
| late response, early response |
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Term
| Eosinophils contain a lot of ... |
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Definition
| destructive/pathogenic granules |
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Term
| Describe the appearance of eosinophils |
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Definition
| they often have polymorphonuclei |
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Term
| What's the big deal with eosinophils?! |
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Definition
In the child's lung, they cause epithelial cells that line the lung to shed!!!
they come off in sheets |
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Term
| Mast cells and eosinophils cause ___ cells to discharge their mucus. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the alveoli of the lungs filled with in children who have died from asthma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the medical term for hives? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute hives are due to what? |
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Definition
-mediator release from mast cells in the skin
-due to food allergy, contact with plants, non-allergic causes |
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Term
| In 2007, what % of children had a food allergy? what % of adults? |
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Definition
8% of children
up to 2% of adults |
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Term
| What percent of children have a peanut allergy? |
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Definition
| 1.34% and it's increasing (maybe?) |
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Term
| How soon after exposure do you have a reaction to food that you're allergic to? |
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Definition
It is typically immediate! (minutes, sometimes up to an hour)
- and affects stomach/intestine, skin, lungs |
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Term
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Definition
-severe, dramatic allergic reaction
- often to peanuts, shellfish, wasps/bees
- you get whole body mast cell/basophil degranulation |
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Term
| Whole body release of mast cell/basophil degranulation leads to... |
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Definition
- bronchoconstriction
- vasodilation
- increased vascular permeability (which leads to low blood pressure because the tubing is large and leaky now)
- cardiac failure and asphyxiation |
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Term
| What happens when someone with anaphylaxis sees a first responder |
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Definition
-They are intubated immediately, and given epinephrine
- treated before they see you in the ER |
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Term
| What is an "atopic child" |
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Definition
| a child who is allergic to a bunch of things |
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Term
| The antigen presenting cells of Atopic children do not make a lot of ___, while normal children do |
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Definition
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Term
| In atopic children, T cells produce lots of ____, while a normal child would produce ___ |
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Definition
IL-4 which acts on antigen presenting cells
IFN- gamma |
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Term
IL-4 response leads to type _ allergic response
IFN-gamma leads to type _ allergic response |
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Definition
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Term
| Please explain the hygiene hypothesis! |
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Definition
It suggests that at birth we start off skewed toward Type 2 immunity (don't make a lot of IL-12 or IFN gamma)
- older siblings infect us, and the immune system learns that it better switch!!
- if an only child, won't learn to make the Th1 response --> continue to have Type II immunity
- environmental factors play a role in allergies |
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Term
Hello there,
Would you like to tell me about the microflora hypothesis?
Sincerely,
Tim Lee |
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Definition
Not really, but okay...
Many people believe that the microbiome, gut flora, define if we have a type 1 or type 2 immunity |
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Term
| How do we treat allergies environmentally? |
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Definition
| avoidance of allergic triggers |
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Term
| How do we treat allergies pharmacologically? |
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Definition
- bronchodilators
- anti-inflammatories
- anti-histamines |
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Term
| Explain immunotherapy for allergies |
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Definition
- expose people to minute amounts of the allergen
- can potentially shift the immune response away from IgE to IgG |
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