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9
CHP 9
82
Meteorology
Undergraduate 1
05/26/2011

Additional Meteorology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
If the solute concentration is greater outside the cell:
It allows water to leave the cell and results in
Definition
plasmolysis (cell shrinks)
Term
If the solute concentration is greater inside the cell:
It allows water to enter the cell and results in
Definition
osmotic lysis(cell bursts)
Term
Cells that are placed in a hypotonic solution will undergo
Definition
osmotic lysis
Term
Cells that are placed in hypertonic solution will undergo
Definition
plasmolysis
Term
There are two types of passive transport
Definition
simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
Term
does not require ATP.
It is based on the development of concentration gradients.
Solutes move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.
Definition
simple diffusion
Term
The higher the concentration gradient between two regions, the
Definition
faster diffusion occurs
Term
Diffusion slows down as
Definition
equilibrium is reached
Term
only occurs with:
Lipid soluble molecules
Molecules small enough to pass through the membrane.
Definition
Simple diffusion
Term
does not require ATP.
Molecules are brought across the plasma membrane by carrier proteins called permeaseproteins
Definition
facilitated diffusion
Term
act as carriers by changing their three-dimensional shape.
Molecules too large to fit into a _____ are chopped into smaller pieces by enzymes secreted by the cell.
Definition
permeases
Term
Efflux pumping
ABC transport systems
Group translocation
Definition
There are three types of active transport:
Term
involves proteins called the super family of transporters.
It employs a revolving door mechanism -
The energy source is the proton motive force of electron transport.
It is efficient because two functions (intake and output) occur at the same time.
Definition
Efflux pumping
Term
efflux pumping employs a revolving door mechanism
Definition
pumps bring in certain molecules and expel others at the same time
Term
are very complex and involve several proteins.
The molecule to be transported binds to a protein on the outside of the plasma membrane.
It is handed off to a complex of proteins located in the plasma membrane.
These proteins then transport the molecule into the cytoplasm.
Definition
ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
ABC Transport Systems
Term
It helps make sure molecules stay inside the cell.
An enzyme attaches a phosphate to the molecule, preventing the molecule from leaving the cell.
Definition
group translocation
Term
Group translocation is unique to bacteria.
It is very energy expensive and uses _____ instead of ATP
Definition
PEP
Term
The plasma membrane is also involved in this.
 is the movement of substances out of a cell.
It involves several membrane proteins that act in specific sequence.
Definition
SECRETION
Term
It is not a virulence factor but it is a primary target for antibiotics.
Definition
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
Term
can:
Inhibit DNA replication.
Destroy the ability to produce energy.
Cause loss of membrane integrity and destruction of the cell.
Definition
Damage to the plasma membrane
Term
Bacteria have no nucleus.
The region where DNA is located is called the
Definition
nuclear region
Term
Bacteria usually have only one circular chromosome which contains
Definition
all of the genetic information required by the organism.
Term
are extra-chromosomal pieces of DNA that are separate from the main DNA structure.
Some bacteria can carry more than one.
often carry genes for toxins and resistance to antibiotics.
can be transferred from one cell to another through pili during conjugation.
Definition
PLASMIDS
Term
Because DNA is the genetic blueprint for the organism, any disruption or damage to it can
Definition
can be a lethal event
Term
DNA is therefore a primary target for antibiotics
This type of therapy is routinely used for
Definition
viral infections.
Term
carry genes for toxins and antibiotic resistance.
Definition
Plasmids
Term
More active bacteria contain more active numbers of
Definition
ribosomes
Term
Each ribosome is composed of two subunits.
The subunits remain apart till
Definition
mRNA is found
Term
The inhibition of protein synthesis is a lethal event so ribosomes are a major target for
Definition
antibiotics
Term
are membrane-enclosed organelles used to store important materials.
Definition
inclusion bodies
Term
There are several types of inclusion bodies
Definition
Those that store glycogen.
Metachromatic granules store phosphates in Corynebacterium species.
Term
are formed through the process of sporulation.
They form when a bacterium is exposed to great environmental stress.
The process is restricted to Gram-positive bacteria
Definition
endospores
Term
They confer a type of dormancy on the cell.
They are extremely resistant to heat, desiccation, toxic chemicals, UV irradiation, and antibiotics.
Bacteria can survive for extraordinary lengths of time in the ______ state.
Definition
endospore
Term
is a complex series of steps.
The first step is replication.
The second step is the sequestration of a copy of the chromosome.
This chromosome copy is surrounded by a septum
Definition
sporulation
Term
The third step is formation of the _____
Large amounts of peptidoglycan are deposited round the ________.
Definition
forspore
Term
In the last step, the rest of the original cell deteriorates and degrades.
Bacterial genetic information is protected inside the endospores
Definition
sporulation
Term
of the endospore back into a vegetative cell occurs when the environmental stress has subsided.
The endospore accepts water molecules, swells, and cracks.
The water activates metabolism and the cell begins to grow.
Definition
germenation
Term
If a bacterium is pathogenic when it undergoes sporogenesis, it will be pathogenic once it emerges.
Endospores are resistant to almost all
Definition
disenfectsnt, antiseptics, and antibiotics
Term
Endospres are also resistant to _______ and can cause severe problems for the food industry, for example Clostridium botulinum.
Definition
heat
Term
struct dirct clin rev tar 4 antibio
cell wall yes yes
glycocalyx yes no
fimbriae yes no
pili yes no
axial fila yes no
flagella yes no
plasma memb no yes
DNA no yes
ribosomes no yes
inclusi body no no
endospores yes no
Definition
cell wall
glycocalyx
fimbriae
pili
axial filaments
flagella
plasma membrane
DNA
ribosomes
inclusion bodies
endospores
Term
why is bacterial growth so important
Definition
Increase in numbers is one of the requirements for infection.
This increase is dependent upon bacterial growth.
Term
have specific growth requirements.
These specific requirements allow for a maximum increase in numbers of ________
Definition
infectious organisms
Term
of pathogens help to defeat the host defense.
Definition
increased numbers
Term
Each division of bacteria is called a
Definition
generation
Term
The time between bacterial divisions is called
Definition
generation time
Term
The _________ the generation time, the faster the number of bacteria increases within the host.
Definition
shorter
Term
How well bacteria grow depends on the
Definition
environment in which the organism live
Term
Growth requirements can be divided into two major categories:
Definition
physical and chemical
Term
is defined by an increase in numbers of organsims by all divisions
Definition
microbial growth
Term
or budding
bacteria divide primarily by this
Definition
binar fission
Term
parent cellls replicate DNA
both molecules of DNA attach to the plasma membrane
lipid and protwin synthesis cause membrane growth

cause DNA nucleus to move apart
mitochondrial and wall grow thru midsection of the cell and divide the cytoplasm
Definition
binary fission
Term
The physical requirements for bacterial growth fall into three classifications
Definition
Temperature
pH
Osmotic pressure
Term
bacteria can beseperated according to temp renges they grow best
psychrophiles
mesophiles
thermophiles
Definition
grow @ cold temperatures
grow @ moderate temperatures
grow @ high temps
Term
is the lowest temp @ which an organism grows
Definition
minimum growth temperture
Term
is the highest temp @ which an organism grows
Definition
maximum growth temperature
Term
sll organisms have this. the temp they grow @ best.

is the temperature at which the highest rate of growth occurs.
The optimum growth temperature varies between bacterial types.
Definition
optimum growth temperature
Term
Increased temperature breaks chemical bonds.
This causes changes in the __________

These changes can inhibit or destroy the ability for the molecules to ___________
Definition
three dimensional structure
function properly
Term
Variable temperature requirements are seen in certain diseases.
____________ (the causative agent of syphilis) likes lower temperatures.
Lesions are first seen on exterior parts of the body including lips, tongue, and genitalia.
Definition
Treponema pallidum
Term
(the causative agent of leprosy) also likes lower temperatures.
Lesions are first seen on the extremities of the body including the face, ears, hands, feet, and fingers
Definition
Mycobacterium leprae
Term
Bacteria grow in a wide range of pH values.
Most bacteria prefer the neutral pH
Definition
7.0
Term
Some bacteria are _______ that grow at extremely low pH values
ex: lactobacillus (yogurt) tolerates mild acidity
Definition
acidophiles .1 - 5.4
Term
(causes stomach and duodenal ulcers) grows at a low pH value but is not an acidophile.
Definition
helicobacter pylori
Term
works best @ 5.4-8.4 pH
most pathogenic bacteria is this
Definition
neutrophiles
Term
works best @ this pH
7.0 - 11.5
Definition
alkaiphiles
Term
is the pressure exerted on bacteria by their environment.
One of the major agents exerting such pressure is water.
 can inhibit bacterial growth.
Definition
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Term
can be used to preserve food (cure meats).
Cause a hypertonic environment and plasmolysis.
This is an imperfect way to preserve food because some bacteria are halophilicand thrive in high salt concentrations.
Definition
high salt concentrations
Term
can be divided into:
Obligate
extreme
falcultative
Definition
Halophilic organisms
Term
requiring high levels of salt
Definition
Extreme
Term
requiring a high salt concentration
Definition
obligate
Term
can grow either w/ or w/out high salt levels
Definition
facultative
Term
requiring very high salt concentration
Definition
extreme
Term
requiring high slat concentration
Definition
obligate
Term
–can grow either with or without high salt levels
Definition
Facultative
Term
Optimal osmotic pressure
Optimal temperature range
Optimal pH range
Definition
The human body provides bacteria with the following:
Term
the are 4 phases of bacterial growth
Definition
lag phase
log phase
stationary phase
death phase
Term
Environmental pH
Oxygen level
Availability of nutrients
Temperature
Definition
Generation times vary between bacterial species and are heavily influenced by
Term
bacteria are adjusting to their environment
This varies depending on the organisms and the environment
Definition
lag phase
Term
the number of bacteria doubles exponentially
There is a constant minimum generation time.
This phase lasts only as long as a suitable level of nutrients is available.
Bacteria are the most metabolically active and most susceptible to antibiotics
Definition
log phase
Term
the number of cells dividing is equal to the number dying
It is caused by a decreasing availability of nutrients.
Definition
stationary phase
Term
a continuous decline in the number of dividing cells
It is caused by the exhaustion of the nutrient supply and by a build-up of metabolic waste
Definition
Death phase (logarithmic decline phase) –
Term
like in a moderatew eniroment 37c
Definition
extremophiles
Term
is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth. those that prefer immoderate environments
Definition
extremophiles
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