Hydrology

Theory

What are the two types of data

Discript

Those items in an experiment that remains the same

-         Title: the effect of IV on the DV

-         Hypothesis – If…. Then. ….

Silicates – consists of silicon and oxygen 92% of Earth’s crust.

Tetrahedron – 4 sided structure long chains form quartz

1.      Carbonates – 8% if Earth’s crust (non silicates)

-Made of 3 oxygen + 1 Carbon

- example – Calcite (carbon + calcium)

- Gypsum – sulfate bonded to calcium and H20

Oxides – O bonded to another element example – Fe or Al

Halides and Sulfides – contain no Oxygen example Halite – NaCl or Pyrite – Iron Sulfide

Diamond and graphite – pure carbon

1.      Color – not very reliable

2.      Streak – color left on porcelain surface

3.      Luster – appearance in reflected light metallic or non metallic, waxy, pearly, glassy, dull, brilliant, silky

4.      Hardness – Mohs’ scale of mineral harness

1(softest)-------------------------------------------(hardest) 10

Talc                                                                  Diamond

5.      Cleavage – tendency to break along smooth, define surfaces

Fracture – breaks along rough or jagged surfaces

6.      Others – Density and Crystal shaped

Special Properties – Loadstone-magnetic

                                 Calcite – fizzes with HCI

                                 Halite – taste salty

                                 Sulfur – smells like eggs

7.      Specific gravity – comparison weight and water.

a.       Crystal – 3 dimensional structure with each surface face having definite shape.

crystal form

a.       Gem – Mineral that has beauty, durability, and value

a.       Ores- Term used to describe minerals from which metal and non-metals can be removed in usable amounts; separate by a process of smelting.

a.       Copper can be used in pipes and electrical wires

a.       Silver and gold can be used for jewelry and dental fillings

a.       Sulfur is of the most useful non-metals; used in matches medicines and fertilizers

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  • Rocks – Naturally occurring combination of minerals

•  
  •  
    • Magma – molten rock in the Earth

            1. Igneous – formed from lava or magma

            2. Sedimentary – compressed sediments through weathering and erosion

            3. Metamorphic – igneous, sedimentary are warmed and put under pressure; formed new combinations or crystals.

a)      chemicals in magma ex. Basalt (iron)

b)      rate at which lava cools

1.  
   1. extrusive – fine small crystals

ex. Rhyolite

1.  
   1. coarse – large crystal

ex. Granite

Pumice and obsidian.

Clastic Sedimentary

Pieces of rock exposed to heat, water, and freezing.

Conglomerate – composed of large round fragments

Breccias – sharp edge pieces; sandstone, siltstone, shale.

Chemical sedimentary

1.  
   1. Formed when minerals dissolve in water and evaporate, compaction occurs to form rock.

Evaporates – form when chemical is left out of solution, usually deposited on ocean floor; rock salt and gypsum.

Precipitate – form when substances fall out of solution, deposit on ocean flow; compact limestone, and chert.

1. Organic Sedimentary

Formed from once living organisms which contained an element carbon. Organic limestone forms from skeleton of corals, also coal formation. Vast supply in eastern and western part of U.S. Southwest has deposits of coal. Coal forms from decaying plant material at bottom of swamps or bogs. Peat forms first form buried sediments, pressure increases and temperature rises. This forms lignite (know as brown coal). Next is bituminous coal (soft brown coal), most common. Last is anthracite (hard compact, black coal). Used to produce electricity. Resrvoir rocks are formed when oil droplets seep through limestone or sandstone and pool. Fossil fuels – coal, oil, natural gas.

used in industrial or construction projects. Examples; shale and limestone. Used in sewer pipes, buildings are made of sandstone and rock gypsum is used for drywall.

Porcelain – used in sinks, china, china made of clay, feldspar and quartz.

A.     Formation

-form when heat and pressure cause chemical and structural changes. Mountain building forces and heat form large; bodies of magma that form metamorphic rocks.

B. Classification of Metamorphic Rocks:

Foliated – have obvious layers, often are shiny. Example: slate, phylitite

No foliated: contain no layers Example: marble.

Shale à slate

Sandstone à quartzite

Granite à gneiss

Mica à Schist

Limestone à Marble