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8th grade Science Midterm Vocab
I HATE PHYSICS!!!!!!! GONNA FAILLLLLLLLL o\ . /o
109
Physics
8th Grade
01/20/2011

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Term
Science
Definition
a way of learning about the natural world by gathering information.
Term
Observing
Definition
using one or more senses to gather information.
Term
Qualitative Observing
Definition
are descriptions that don't involve numbers or measurements.
Term
Quantitative Observations
Definition
measurements (ei. height or weight)
Term
Inferring
Definition
When you explain your observations
Term
Predicting
Definition
making a forecast of what will happen in the future based on past experiences or evidence
Term
Chemistry
Definition
the study of properties of matter and how matter changes
Term
Physics
Definition
the study of matter and energy and how they interact
Term
Scientific Inquiry
Definition
refers to the different ways scientists study the natural world
Term
Hypothosis
Definition
a possible answer to a scientific question or explination for a set of observations
Term
Variable
Definition
factors that can change in an experiment
Term
Manipulated Variable
Definition
the variable that is changed
Term
Responding Variable
Definition
the variable that is expected to change because of the manipulated variable is the responding variable
Term
Controlled Experiment
Definition
an investigation in which all variables except one remain the same
Term
Data
Definition
are the facts, figures, and other evidene gathered through observations
Term
Communicating
Definition
sharing ideas and conclusions with others through writing and speaking
Term
Scientific Law
Definition
a statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions. 
Term
Scientific Theory
Definition
a well tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results.
Term
Technology
Definition
a way of changing the natural world to meet human needs or solve problems
Term
Engineer
Definition
someone who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems
Term
Brainstorming
Definition
a process in which group remembers freely suggest any creative solutions that come to mind
Term
Constraint
Definition
any factor that limits or restricts a design
Term
prototype
Definition
a working model used to test a design
Term
Troubleshooting
Definition
analyzing a design problem and finding a way to fix it
Term
Systems
Definition
made of parts that work together
Term
Motion
Definition
if its distance from another object is changing
Term
Reference Point
Definition
a place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion
Term
International System of Units
Definition
scientists all over the world use the same system of measurement so that they can communicate clearly
Term
Speed
Definition
the distance the object travels per unit of time
Term
Equation for Speed
Definition

distance

________

time

Term
Average Speed
Definition
divide the total distance traveled by the total time
Term
Instantaneous Speed
Definition
the rate at which an object is moving at a given instant time
Term
Slope
Definition
the steepness of a line
Term
Acceleration
Definition
at the rate at which velocity changes
Term
Velocity
Definition
speed with a direction
Term
Equations for Acceleration
Definition

Final speed- Initial speed

_____________________

 

Time

Term
Force
Definition
a push or a pull
Term
Newton
Definition
The strength of a force
Term
Net Force
Definition
The combination of all forces acting on an object
Term
Unbalanced Forces
Definition
Causes an object to start moving, stop moving, or change direction
Term
Balanced Forces
Definition
Equal forces acting on one object in opposite directions
Term
Friction
Definition
The force that 2 surfaces exert on each other when they rub against each other
Term
Static Friction
Definition
The friction that acts on objects that are not moving
Term
Sliding Friction
Definition
When two solid surfaces slide over each other
Term
Rolling Friction
Definition
When an object rolls across a surface
Term
Fluid Friction
Definition
When a solid object moves through a fluid
Term
Gravity
Definition
A force that pulls objects toward each other
Term
Mass
Definition
A measure of the amount of matter in an object
Term
Weight
Definition
The force of gravity on a person or object at the surface of the planet
Term
Free Fall
Definition
When the only force acting on an object is gravity
Term
Air Resistance
Definition
A Fluid friction that is exerted on and object when it is falling through the air
Term
Terminal Velocity
Definition
The greatest velocity a falling object reaches
Term
Projectile
Definition
An object that is thrown
Term
Inertia
Definition
The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion
Term
Formula for Acceleration
Definition

Net force

_____________

Mass

Term
Momentum
Definition
A characteristic of a moving object that is related to the mass and the velocity of the object
Term
Formula for Momentum
Definition

Mass

___________

Velocity

Term
Law of Conservation of Momentum
Definition
In the absence of outside forces, the total momentum of objects that interact does not change
Term
Satellite
Definition
Any object that orbits another object in space
Term
Centipital Force
Definition
Any force that causes an object to move in a circular path
Term
Work
Definition
When you exert a force on an object that causes the object to move some distance
Term
Formula for Work
Definition

Force

__________

Distance

Term
Joule
Definition
One joule is the amount of work you do when you exert a force of 1 newton to move an object a distence of 1 meter
Term
Power
Definition
The rate at which work is done
Term
Formula for Power
Definition

Work

_______

Time

or

Force x Distance

_______________

Time

Term
Machine
Definition
A device that allows you to do work in a way that is easier or more effective
Term
Input Force
Definition
The force you exert on a machine
Term
Output Force
Definition
The force the machine exerts on an object
Term
Input work
Definition
The input force times the input distance
Term
Output Work
Definition
The output force times the output distance
Term
Mechanical Advantage
Definition
The number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it
Term
Formula for Mechanical Advantage
Definition

Output Force

_____________

Input Force

Term
Efficiency
Definition
Compares the output work to the inout work
Term
Formula for Efficiency
Definition

Output work

_____________________ x 100%

Input work

Term
Energy
Definition
The ability to do work or cause change
Term
Formula for Power 2
Definition

Energy transfered

____________________

Time

Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
The energy an object has due to its motion
Term
Formula for Kinetic Energy
Definition

Mass

1/2 x ____________

Velocity^2 

Term
Potential Energy
Definition
Stored energy that results from  the position or shape of an object
Term
Gravitational potential energy
Definition
Potential energy related to an object's hight
Term
Formula for Gravitayional Potential Energy
Definition
Weight x Height
Term
Elastic Potential Energy
Definition
The potential energy associated with objects that can be streched or compressed
Term
Types of energy
Definition

Mechanical

Thermal

Electrical

Chemical

Nuclear

Electromagnetic

Term
Formula for Mechanical energy
Definition
Potential energy x Kinetic energy
Term
ENergy transformation
Definition
A change from one form of energy to another
Term
Law of Conservation of energy
Definition
When one form of energy is transformed to another, no energy is destroyed in the process
Term
Matter
Definition
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
Static eletricity
Definition
The buildup of charges on an object
Term
Fricton
Definition
the transfer of electrons from one uncharged object to another by rubbing
Term
Conduction
Definition
The transferof electrons from a charged object to another object by direct contact
Term
Induction
Definition
The movement of electrons to noe part of an object that ios caused by the electric field of a second object
Term
Static Discharge
Definition
The loss of static electric charges transfer from one object to another
Term
electric current
Definition
the continuous flow of electric charges thrpugh a material
Term
electric circut
Definition
A complete, unbroken pth through which electric charges can flow
Term
conductor
Definition
a material through which charges can flow easily
Term
insulator
Definition
A material through which charges can not floow easily
Term
voltage
Definition
The diference in electrical potential energy between 2 places in a circut
Term
resistance
Definition
the measurment of how dificult it is for chrages to flow through a material
Term
formula for Resistance and Voltage
Definition

R= Voltage

     _______

Current

 

V= Cureent x Resistance

Term
Ohm's law
Definition
The relation between resistance, voltage, and current
Term
Seris circut
Definition
If all parts of an electric circut ar econnected one afetr another along one path
Term
ammeter
Definition
a device used to measure current
Term
parallel circut
Definition
The different parts of the circut are on seperate branches
Term
volt meter
Definition
a device used to mesure voltage, or electrical potential energy difference
Term
formula for power 2
Definition
voltage x current
Term
short circut
Definition
a connection that allows current to take the path of least resistance
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