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| any solid mass of minerals, mineral-like matter or organic matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet |
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formed when liquid magma (melted minerals) cools and harden
-most abundant type of rock on Earth |
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formed when pieces of MINERAL,ROCKS AND/OR ORGANIC MATTER become compacted,cemented together or precipitate out of solution
- 75% of rocks at earth's surface |
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| pebbles, gravel and silt or clay that have settled in new places by wind and water |
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formed when existing rocks or the remains of once living things that are SLOWLY CHANGED BY HEAT AND PRESSURE and chemical reactions
-can be formed from igneous, sedimentry or other metamorphic rocks |
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| a series of natural processes by which rocks are slowly changed from one kind of rock into another kind of rock |
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| moten rock that forms deep inside the earth |
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formed when magma is cooled BELOW the Earth's surface
-slow cooling causes large mineral grain
-examples: granite, pegmatite |
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formed when magma reaches the surface of the Earth and is cooled there
-quick cooling causes small crystal grains
- examples: basalt, obsidian,pumice,scoria |
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-dense, heavy ,dark colored
-rich in iron and magnesium
-low in silica
-examples: gabbro, basalt |
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-light colored silicates
-made of quartz and feldspar
-70% silica
-major rocks of the coninental crust |
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- mineral compositions between granitic and basaltic rock
- contain 25% dark silicate minerals
- examples: biotite mica ,amphibole |
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| foliated metamorphic rock |
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mineral crystals are arranged in PARALLEL LAYERS OR BANDS; layers are thin and flat
examples: schist, slate, gneiss |
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| unfoliated metamorphic rock |
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rocks do not have visible bands and do not break into layers
-examples: marble, quartzite |
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| pebbles, gravel, sand. silt, clay and bits of plant and animals remains that have been settled in new places by wind, water, ice or gravity |
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| extreme pressure push fragments together and squeeze out air and water |
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| water with dissolved minerals flow through sediments; the bits of mineral left behind act as cement to "glue" sediments together |
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| Detrital (or Clastic) Sedimentary Rocks |
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formed when sediments are cemented and compacted into solid rock
examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale |
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| Chemical Sedimentary Rocks |
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form from minerals that were dissolved in water
examples: halite, limestone, gypsum |
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| magma that reaches the earth's surface |
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| rocks are physically and chemically broken down by water, air and living things |
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| made of large crystals scattered on a background of much small crystals |
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rare on Earth's surface, thought to be in the upper mantle
made mainly of iron and magnesium-rich minerals |
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| involves weathering and the removal of rock |
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| when an agent of erosion loses energy and sediments are dropped |
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| the changes in mineral composition and texture of a rock subjected to high temperature and pressure within the Eath |
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| changes n rock caused by the heat from a nearby magma body |
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| associated with large-scale mountain building processes |
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| the hot watery solution that escapes from magma during the last stages of crystallization |
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