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| leader of akkadians who created world's first empire by defeating other city-states of Sumer |
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ruler of Babylon who conquered all of Mesopotamia
famous for hammurabi's code: first written set of laws |
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| chaldean king who rebuilt babylon |
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king of upper egypet who invaded lower egypt
united two kingdoms by marrying princess of lower egypt
first pharoah and began first egyptian dynasty; built new capital called Memphis |
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pharoah of old kindom (3rd egyptian dynasty)
largest pyramid was built for him |
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| akkadians, babylonians, hittites, kassites, assyrians, chaldeans |
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created first alphabet
lived at western end of fertile cresent
created wealthy trading society |
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| collected taxes, enforced laws, raises troops |
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| captured babylon from babylonians with strong iron weapons and sill w/ chariot on battlefield |
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3rd dynasty
trade and social classes, religions structure, afterlife and mummies period |
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| period of stability and order in ancient egypt |
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| began new kingdom after driving away invadors and naming himself king |
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| height of Egypt's power and glory |
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| defended egypt from invaders and strengthened defenses |
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| established new trade routes in egypt |
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| pharoah whos tomb was discovered untouched by raiders, leaving much information about egyptian art and burial practices |
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| developed south of egypt along nile |
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kushite king who conqered all of egypt
assyrians' iron weapons were better than kushites' weapons and kushites were slowly pushed back to nubia |
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| center of large trade ntwk in kush |
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| first woman to rule kush, increased kush's strength and health |
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| decline and defeat of kush |
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internal: decline of metals, cattle overgrazing
external: aksum (powerful trader center that competed with meroe) |
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| Aksumite king who destroyed Meroe and took over Kush |
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india's first civilization and developed along Indus R. Valley
Main cities: Harappa (developed india's 1st writing system) and mohenjo daro |
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| aryans from central asia took over indus and gages river valleys. spoke/wrote sanscrit |
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four main groups of social classes
brahmins, kshatriyas, vaisyas, sudras |
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religion practised by brahmins, most important part of indian life
vedas |
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| sacred txt w/ sacred hymns and poems, brahmanism/hinduism |
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there are many deities that are all part of a universial spirit called brahmin
soul longs to join wi/ brahmin when it recognizes world we live in is an illusion |
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religion that developed in reaction to hinduism
BASED ON NONVIOLENCE |
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suffering and unhappiness are part of life
suffering stems from desire for pleasure and materal goods
people can overcome desiers and reach nirvana
people can follow the eightfold path to reach nirvana |
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| indian king who sent buddhist missionaries and spread the relgion |
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unified india and founded Mauryan empire
gave throne when turned jainist monk |
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| Chandragupta's gradson and last ruler of Mauryan Empire, strongest ruler of dynasty |
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| asoka's sons struggle for power and foreigners invade |
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| supported jianism and buddhism |
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| ruler of Gupta Dynasty who brought prosperity and stability to india |
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| huns from central india attacked |
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| Huang he and chan jian flow from: |
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| founded xia dynasty. first waterways built |
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| first waterways are built |
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| social hierarchy, family strucutre, central authority |
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| poetry, central gov preserved, less severe punishments, paper, acupuncture, trade, sundial, seismograph, poetry, art, farming, manufacturing |
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| ended warring states period |
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| set up new gov anfter qin collapsed, han |
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| liu bang's sucessor and made CONFUCIANISM official gov policy |
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| israel slip into israel and Judah (jews) |
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| scattering of jews outside of judah |
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| Israel Split into Israel and Judah (Jews) |
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| scattering of Jews outside of Judah/Canaan, after Solomon died because other people often conquered them |
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| commentaries, stories, and folklore recorded to explain Jewish laws |
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| writing by jews from 2000 years ago |
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| group of jes who led rebellion against Rome; caused Jews to be banned from living in Jerusalem so they migrated to other parts of the world |
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| celebrates Jews' flight from slavery in Egypt |
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| first king of Israel after defeating the Philistines |
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| king after Saul; defeated Philistines and made Jerusalem Israel's capital |
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| King after David; built great temple in Jerusalem |
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| told to leave hom; led to promise land (canaan) |
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| some Hebrews moved to Egypt; God told him to demand freedom for Hebrews and sent 7 plagues |
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| 2 most sacred Jewish holidays; rosh hashanah and yom kippur |
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| a high holy day; Jewish new year |
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| a high holy day; Jews ask for forgiveness from God |
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| Greece is surrounded by which seas? |
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| Mediterranean, Ionian, and Aegean Seas |
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| 2 main cultures in early Greece |
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| Minonans and mycenaens, on island of crete |
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| best shipbuilders in ancient greece, ended because of volcanic eruption |
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| spoke language that later became greek |
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| after Myceneans and Minoans fall: |
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| there were 300 years of war and disorder |
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| another name for city-state |
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| time in greece filled with great achievements, began when city states started to form |
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| a fortress built on a high hill where city states were often built around |
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| type of government in athens before democracy |
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| kings, then oligarchy of aristocrats (rich landowners) |
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| the leader who introduced democracy to athens |
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| leader of Athens under which democracy reached its height |
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| it was conquered by macedonia |
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| written by homer; told story of Myceaneans' war with the Trojans |
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| written by Homer; told of Greek hero Odysseus's long journey home after the war |
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| a lady; the most famous lyric poet in ancient greece |
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| founder of the Persian empire after winning independence from the Medes, and conquered almost all of southwest Asia. He ruled the largest empire the world had ever seen |
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| seized power as the leader of Persia after the death of Cyrus. He organized and expanded the empire |
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| darius invades greek due the the revolt that they had 9 years before; battle of the marathon |
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| during the persian wars, it was the first battle that greeks won. the greeks won because they had better weapons and armor |
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| Persian Emperor who sent another army into greece during the persian war. Athens and Sparta joined forces to defend Greece and won at the battles of salamis and Plataea |
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| sparta and other cities formed a leage of their own and declared war on athens, who was gaining power in the peloponnesian league. athenians won ant first but were later forced to surrender. spartans cotrolled nearly all of greece, but resentment from other city-states led to a long period of war that weakened all of greece and left it open to attack from the outside (EFEECT) |
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| powerful king of Macedonia who conquered greece |
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| king of macedonia who built the largest empire that the world had ever seen. he supported greek culture. the hellenistic culture developed from his empire (a blended culture) |
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| alexander died with no heir and 3 kingdoms emerged: macedonia, syria, and egypt. the all fell to the growing power of rome. |
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| greek philosopher; one of the founders of western philosophy; tuaght by asking questions and challenged answers with more questions |
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| greek; student of socrates and created a school called the academy where people would come to discuss ideas |
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| greek; plato's student who taught that people should live lives of balance and moderation. he said that balance is based on reason. |
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| mytical greek hero who fled the fallen city of Troy for Italy on a journey written in Virgil's Aeneid |
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| twin brothers who are said founders of rome |
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| famous dicator of rom who chose not to retain his power |
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| the wealthy, noble people of rome |
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| 3 part government of rome consisted of |
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| magistrates(elected officials), roman senate(where consuls got advice), and a third branch that consisted of assemblies(people who elected magistrates) and tribunes(with power to veto actions from government) |
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| they were the elected officials of rome. the consuls were the most powerful magistrates. there wre 2 consuls who were elected annuallly to run the city and lead the army |
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| the people who advised consuls. they were a council of wealthy, powerful citizens and stayed in the senate for life. |
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| the first part of rome's 3rd gov. branch. they elected magistrates. |
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| the second part of rome's 3rd branch of goverment. they had the power to veto actions from the government. |
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| series of wars between rome and carthage(capital of Phoenician civilization) |
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| carthaginian general who attacked rome during the punic wars. he lost. |
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| a speaker who wanted romans to limit the w=power of the generals and return all the power to the senate |
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| greatest general in roman history; conquered nearly all of gual Gaul. when he returned rome and became dictator. he was stabbed to death by senators |
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| one of 2 leaders who took control of rome after caesar's death. he married cleopatra and divorced octavian's sister, so octavian killed him |
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| caesar's adopted son who defeated antony and cleopatra and became rome's sole ruler |
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| a time in rome of peace and prosperity |
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| a roman philosopher who applied writings of plato to teachings of jesus |
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| an emperor of rome who deivided the roman empire into two parts after his death |
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| a frankish king who built a huge kingdom in gaul |
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| a fearsome hun leader who attacked rome's eastern empire |
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| the last ruler of the roman empire |
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| justinian's wife. a wise woman who advised him during his reign |
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| a civilization that developed in the eastern roman empire |
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| barbarian attacks by the ottoman turks |
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| muslim ruler who led songhai to the height of its power |
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| muslim king who ruled teh Mali Empire at the height of its power and spread islam through a large part of africa |
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| ruler that led the Mali Empire's rise to power |
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| long conflict between England and France. CAUSE: english king tried to take control of France's throne. Joan of arc rallied french troops and helped french win. CAUSE: in england, the war helped increase power of parliament because the king need their approval to raise money to pay for the war. In france, the king's power grew after the war. |
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| invaded and made himself king of England; began European fuedalism |
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| estate owned by a knight or lord |
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| (peasants) lived and farmed land on knights' estates. they gave theknights food or other payment |
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| (noble) gave knights land in exchange for military service |
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