Term
| hormones regulate these 4 broad domains |
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Definition
| reproduction, growth and development, metabolism and energy production, maintenance of internal environment |
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Term
| where are receptors expressed |
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Definition
| on cell surface or inside the cell |
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Term
| at what level is hormone action important? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hormone acts on the cell that secreted it |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone acts on local cells |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone acts systemically |
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Term
| releasing/inhibiting factors usually come from |
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Definition
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Term
| cyclical variations control hormone secretion |
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Definition
| e.g. diurnal cycle, sleep, seasons, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| TRH from hypo > TSH from pit > T4/T3 from thyroid > negative feedback to hypo and pit. Somatostatin from hypo > inhibits TSH. |
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Term
| hormone specificity is determined by... |
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Definition
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Term
| cell surface receptor action is amplified through |
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Definition
| second messenger signaling |
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Term
| _______ regulate gene transcription |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extends half-life for stable (vs. acute) hormone action. accounts for 99% of hormone in blood stream. protein carriers are useful because hormones are lipophilic. opposite is FREE hormone. |
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Term
| if T3 is low but T4 is normal, then... |
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Definition
| x-linked mutation (in men) in T3 binding protein |
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Term
| what is the most accurate hormone measurement? |
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Definition
| "Total" measurement (not just free hormone, but free and bound) |
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Term
| if you have high T4 but normal TSH... |
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Definition
| then you have too much T4 binding protein |
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Term
| what stimulates T4 binding protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hypo (GHRH) > Pit (GH) > liver (IGF-I) > inhibits GH and GHRH. Hypo (somatostatin) > inhibits (GH). |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypo (GnRH) > Pit (LH and FSH) > Ovaries (estradiol + progesterone = ovulation) and Testes (testosterone + inhibin = spermatogenesis) >> inhibit LH, FSH and GnRH |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypo (CRH) > Pit (ACTH) > Adrenal glands (Cortisol) > inhibits CRH and ACTH |
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Term
| more of T3 or T4? which binds better? |
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Definition
| there's more T4, but T3 binds 10x better. |
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Term
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Definition
| ^serum Ca2+ > thyroid parafollicular cells (calcitonin) > pt gland (PTH) > kidneys (calcitriol) |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits osteoclasts, thus decreasing blood Ca2+ level |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes resorption of Ca2+ from bone into blood and retards loss of Ca2+ in urine, thus increasing serum Ca2+ level. stimulates kidneys to release calcitriol. converts 25 vitamin D to 1,25 vitamin D, the active form. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates increased absorption of Ca2+ from foods, increasing blood Ca2+ level |
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Term
| renin-angiotensin cascade |
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Definition
| reduced blood volume/[NaCl] is sensed by JGA, which releases renin from kidney. renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II by ACE. angiotensin II causes adrenals to release aldosterone > increased reabsorption of Na+ and water and increased K+ secretion > increased blood volume |
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Term
| where are the aldosterone receptors? |
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Definition
| in the kidney. aldosterone is systemic but can only bind there. |
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Term
| growth and development hormones |
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Definition
| GH, T3/4, estrogen, testosterone, DHEAS |
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Term
| energy production and metabolism hormones |
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Definition
| insulin, glucagon, cortisol, t3/4 |
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Term
| internal environment hormones |
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Definition
| vasopressin, aldosterone, PTH |
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Term
| deficiency or excess of a hormone (3) |
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Definition
| primary vs. secondary, acquired (cancer) vs. congenital (autoimmune disorder) |
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Term
| resistance to hormones (2) |
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Definition
| receptor or second messenger defects - congenital or genetic |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, lets the liver do gluconeogenesis, lets adipocytes do lipolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| 5-10% diabetes. absolute deficiency of insulin, islet beta cell destruction. autoimmune markers in 80%. few have first degree relative with the disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| 90-95% diabetes. insulin resistance w/ beta cell secretory defect. no autoimmunity. 80% have first degree relative with the disease. most people are old, unlike in type I. |
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Term
| which systems do hormones regulate? which pathologic events are influenced by hormones? |
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Definition
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