Term
| What does autocrine signaling often trigger? |
|
Definition
| differentiation in developmental pocesses |
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Term
| What is direct contact signaling? |
|
Definition
| molecules on the surfaces of adjacent cells have direct contact with eachother and specific surface molecules on the plasma membranes |
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Term
| The influence of the signal molecule in paracrine signaling is (long/ short)-lived. Why? |
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Definition
| short; because it reacts with the receptor of adjacent cells and then is removed from the environment |
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Term
| What kind of signal molecules are growth regualtors typically? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are protein, peptide, amines, and fatty acid receptors located? Why? |
|
Definition
| the plasma membrane; because they are not fat soluble |
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Term
| Where are steroid and thyroid hormone receptors located? Why? |
|
Definition
| in the nucleus; because they are fat soluble |
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Term
| In a second messenger system, what is the type of hormone that binds to the first messenger on the surface of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are four forms of second messangers? |
|
Definition
| cyclic AMP, proteins kinase activity, calcium, and cyclic GMP |
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Term
| What are some examples of hormones which utilize cyclic AMP? |
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Definition
| epinephrine/norepinephrine, glucagon, LH, FSH, TSH, calcitonin, PTH, antideuretic hormone |
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Term
| What are some examples of hormones that utilize proteins kinase activity |
|
Definition
| insulin, growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, and several growth factors |
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|
Term
| How is proteins kinase activity activated? |
|
Definition
| activated when bound to cyclic AMP |
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Term
| What are some examples of hormones that utilize calcium as a second messenger? |
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Definition
| epinephrine, norepinephrine, antideuretic hormone, GnRH, TRH |
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Term
| What process is kinase associated with? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Explain the process that occurs with steroid and thyroid hormones. |
|
Definition
- a lipophilic hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane of its target cell and binds with the nuclear receptor specific for it
- the hormone receptor complex binds with the hormone response element, a segment of DNA specific for the hormone receptor complex
- DNA binding activates specific genes, which produces complementary mRNA, which leaves the nucleus
- mRNA directs the synthesis of new proteins in the cytoplasm
- these new proteins accomplish the target cell's ultimate phsiological response to the homone
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Term
| What kind of proteins can be produced through steroid and thyroid hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ connects the nervous system to the endocrine system via the ______________. |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, pituitary gland |
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Term
| What is another name for the pituitary gland? What does it mean? |
|
Definition
| hypophysis; below the hypothalamus |
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Term
| What is the role of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| It synthesizes and secretes neurohormones, aften called hypothalamic releasing hormones. |
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Term
| What is the function of hypothalamic releasing hormones? |
|
Definition
| to stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones |
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Term
| What six functions does the hypothalamus control? |
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Definition
| body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and circadian cycles |
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Term
| What are tropic hormones? |
|
Definition
| they are releasing/ stimulating hormones for other hormones |
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Term
| What are some of the seven major hypophysiotropic hormones? |
|
Definition
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), GnRH, growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH), prolactin releasing hormone (PRH), prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
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Term
| What organ do the hypophysiotropic hormones affect? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the role of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)? |
|
Definition
| it stimulates the release of TSH (thyrotropin) and prolactin |
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Term
| What is the function of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)? |
|
Definition
| it stimulates the release of ACTII (corticotropin) |
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|
Term
| What is the function of GnRH? |
|
Definition
| stimulates release of LH and FSH (gonadotropins) |
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|
Term
| What is the function of growth hormone releasing hormone? |
|
Definition
| it stimulates the release of growth hormone |
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|
Term
| What is the function of growth hormone inhibiting hormone? |
|
Definition
| it inhibits the release of growth hormone and TSH (thyrotropin) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of prolactin releasing hormone? |
|
Definition
| it stimulates the release of prolactin |
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|
Term
| What is the function of prolactin inhibiting hormone? |
|
Definition
| it inhibits the release of prolactin |
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|
Term
| How are hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones delivered to the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamic hyposheal porter system |
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|
Term
| How do target gland hormones inhibit hypothalamic and anteriro pituitary hormone secretion? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Hypothalamic hormones are produced in other ___________ where thay have (related/ unreleated) functions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pituitary gland consists of ________ and _______ lobes. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior pituitary derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the posteriro pituitary connected to the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the anteriro pituitary derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| by a vascular link (vessels, ducts) |
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|
Term
| The posterior pituitary and hypothalamus form a ____________ system through a __________. |
|
Definition
| neuroendocrine, connecting stalk (infundibulum) |
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|
Term
| Does the posterior pituitary produce any hormones? Explain. |
|
Definition
| no, it is a simple extension of the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| How many hormones does the posteriro pituitary store? Which ones are they? |
|
Definition
| 2; vasopressin and oxytocin |
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|
Term
| How are vasopressin and oxytocin stored in the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| separately in neuron terminals |
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|
Term
| Where are vasopressin and oxytocin produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when vasopressin and oxytocin are released from the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| they are released into the blood by stimulation through an action potential |
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|
Term
| Explain the process of production and release of the posterior pituitary hormones. |
|
Definition
- the paraventricular and supraoptic neclei both contain neurons that produce vasopressin and oxytocin. The hormone, either vasopressin or oxytocin, is synthesized in the neuronal cell body int he hypothalamus.
- the hormone travels down the axon to be stored in the neuronal terminals within the posteriro pituitary
- on excitation of the neuron, the stored hormone is released from these terminals into the systemic blood for distribution throughout the body
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|
Term
| What is another name for vasopressin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of vasopressin? |
|
Definition
- it enhances water retension by the kidneys, contributing to water balance in the body
- it causes contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle
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|
|
Term
| How can high blood pressure be treated? |
|
Definition
| by blocking the effect of vasopressin |
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|
Term
| What are the functions of oxytocin? |
|
Definition
- it stimulates contraction of the uterine smooth muscle during parturition
- it promotes the ejection of milk from the mammary glands
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|
|
Term
| What is another name for oxytocin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin functions based on a (negative/positive) feedback mechanism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since the anterior pituitary is not an extension of the hypothalamuc, what must occur? |
|
Definition
| the hormones porduced by the hypothalamuc must be secreted into the bloodstream where they go to the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| Explain the process of hormones getting getting from the hypothalamus to the anterior pitutary. |
|
Definition
- hypophysiotropic hormones produced by neurons in the hypothalamus enter the hypothalamic capillaries
- these capillaries rejoin to form the hypothalamic hyposheal porter system which passes to the anterior pituitary
- here it branches into anterior pituitary capillaries
- the hypophysiotropic hormones leave the blood across the anterior pituitary capillaries and control the release of anterior pituitary hormones
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|
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Term
| Explain the process of hormones getting from the anterior pituitary into the rest of the bloodstream. |
|
Definition
- on stimulation by the appropriate hypothalamic releasing hormone, a given anterior pituitary hormone is secreted into theses capillaries
- the anterior pituitary capillaries rejoin to form a vein through which the hormones are distributed throughout the body
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|
|
Term
| How many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce? What are they? |
|
Definition
6
- growth homone (GH)
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- FSH
- LH
- prolactin (PRL)
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|
|
Term
| What is the function of growth hormone? |
|
Definition
| it is repsonsible for overall body growth |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of TSH? |
|
Definition
| it stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
What is the function of adrenocorticotropin hormone?
|
|
Definition
| it stimulates cortisol production by the adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of FSH in females? |
|
Definition
| it stimulates growth and development of the ovarian follicle and stimulates secretion of estrogen by the ovaries |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of FSH in males? |
|
Definition
| it stimulates sperm production |
|
|
Term
| What is the function LH in females? |
|
Definition
| it controls ovulation and cause the secretion of estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of LH in males? |
|
Definition
| controls the release of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| What is prolactin similar to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of prolactin? |
|
Definition
| in females it promotes milk production and it is the primary hormone responsible for overall body growth |
|
|
Term
| Thyrotropin is the same as _________. |
|
Definition
| thyroid releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
| What is the target organ of TSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target organ of ACTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target organ of prolactin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target organ of growth hormone? |
|
Definition
| the liver and many other tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the target organ of LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the target organ of FSH? |
|
Definition
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