Term
| What is the role of the hypothalamus in the secretion of female hormones? ...What is the process of the secretion of estrogen and progesterone? |
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Definition
| - The hypothalamus secretes GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) which stimulates the pituitary to secrete FSH and LH. FSH and LH act upon the ovary and cause development of ovarian follicles. The ovarian follicles then secrete estrogen and progesterone. |
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Term
| What happens when there is a decrease in estrogen? |
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Definition
| - There is an increase in FSH and LH |
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Term
| What happens when there is a increase in estrogen and progesterone? |
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Definition
| - There is a shut off of GnRH, LH, and FSH preventing another follicle from developing |
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Term
| What are the 3 endogenous estrogens? |
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Definition
- Estradial (Primary Estrogen)
- Estrone
- Estriol |
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Term
| What is the exogenous estrogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the drug estrogen/Premarin used for? |
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Definition
| - Used to alleviate menopausal symptoms (vasodilation, hot flashes, and vaginal dryness) |
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Term
| Why should estrogen always be give with progesterone in a woman with a uterus? |
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Definition
| - To prevent endometrial hyperplasia |
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Term
| What is endometrial hyperplasia a precursor to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the synthetic progestin's Provera (PO) and DepoProvera (IM) used for? |
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Definition
- Mainly used for birth control by inhibiting pituitary gonadotrophins FSH/LH.
- Also used to treat uterine bleeding, endometrial cancer, secondary amenorrhea. |
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Term
| What is the synthetic progestin megestrol/Megace used for? |
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Definition
| - Used in palliative management of metastic breast or endometrial cancer |
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Term
| What is the synthetic progestin megestrol/Megace used for? |
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Definition
| - Used in palliative management of metastic breast or endometrial cancer |
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Term
| What are the 2 drugs that are a combination drug of estrogen and progesterone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anti-estrogen tamoxifen/Novadex used for? |
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Definition
| - Used to treat breast cancer by blocking estrogen receptors in the breast |
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Term
| What are selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) used for? |
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Definition
| - Used for the prevention of osteoporosis |
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Term
| What is the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) raloxifene/Evista used for? |
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Definition
| - Blocks estrogen receptors in the uterus and breast and enhances estrogen receptors in the bone and to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis |
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Term
| What does the Bisphosphonates --> osteoporosis preventor alendronate/Forsamax used for? |
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Definition
| - Inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone reabsorption. Osteoclast break down bone. it is a nonestrogen, and nonhormonal option for preventing bone loss. |
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Term
| How do oral contraceptives prevent ovulation? |
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Definition
| - Inhibit the realease of gonadotropins (FSH/LH). This prevents maturation of the ovarian follicle, by increasing mucous viscosity making it more difficult for the sperm to move and implant. |
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Term
| What are the 4 steps of neurotransmission? |
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Definition
1. Synthesis of a transmitter substance
2. Storage/release of the transmitter
3. Binding of the transmitter to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
4. Removal of the transmitter from the synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the uses for Barbiturate? |
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Definition
- Sedative
- Hypnotic
- Anticonvulsant |
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Term
| What is the prototype drug for Barbiturates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Benzodiazepines do? |
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Definition
| - inhibit stimulation to the brain |
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Term
| What is the common anxiolitic drug for Benzodiazepines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the antidote for Benzodiazepines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Tricyclic Antidepressants do? |
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Definition
| - Block re-uptake of neurotransmitters, causing increase accumulation at nerve endings |
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Term
| What is the common drug of Tricyclic Antidepressants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors used for? |
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Definition
| - Are second line treatment of depression secondary to no responsive to other pharmacologic agents? |
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Term
| What is the common drug of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the M.O.A. for Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors? |
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Definition
| - Inhibit the enzyme MAO. MAO is responsible for inactivating many important neurotransmitters in the nervous system (particularly dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephring & serotonin). A decrease in MAO = less inactivation and therefore an increase in neurotransmitters at nerve endings. |
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Term
| What is the serious disadvantage of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors? |
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Definition
| - potential for HTN crisis when taken with tyramine (an amino acid) |
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Term
| What is the M.O.A. of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors? |
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Definition
| - Specific/potent inhibitors of presynaptic serotonin reuptake, thus increasing levels at nerve endings |
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Term
| What are the common and miscellaneous drugs of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors? |
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Definition
- Common: flurozetine (Prozac)
- Common: escitalapram (Lexapro)
- Miscellaneous: duloxetine (Cymbalta) |
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Term
| What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| Disorganized, Incomprehensible speech. delusions. Hallucinations. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. |
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Term
| What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| Reflect deficit in normal functioning. Lack of motivation/interest/drive. Flattened affect (The lights are on but no one is home). |
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Term
| What type of drug therapy do the positive symptoms of schizophrenia respond to? |
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Definition
| Typical Antipsychotics (Thorazine & Haldol). |
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Term
| What type of drug therapy do the negative symptoms of schizophrenia respond to? |
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Definition
| Atypical Antipsychotics (Clozaril). |
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