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8.3/Origins of Diversity
Beginnings of life, evolution timeline
33
Biology
10th Grade
06/02/2011

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Term
Abiotic Synthesis
Definition
• The theory of how cells originally emerged in the absence of cells/other biological agents
• Primordial earth atmosphere: low O2, CH4, ammonia NH3, H2, water, lightning/heat/energy
• Miller-Urey experiment is evidence for this
Term
Miller-Urey Experiment
Definition
• Stanley Miller and Harold Urey at University of Chicago, 1953
• Recreated primordial earth conditions in a lab and got amino acids a week later!
• Evidence for abiotic synthesis
Term
Ribozymes
Definition
• Complex shapes that RNA can form through folding
• Can do stuff like splicing exons  RNA may have been the first enzyme
• Helps solve which came first dillema about DNA and proteins
Term
Protobionts
Definition
• Abiotically produced structures with some of the simple features of cells
• e.g. liposomes are like phospholipids in bilayer capabilities
Term
Panspermia
Definition
• The theory that complex organic molecules of life were brought to Earth on a comet or something—not created here
• Implies abiotic synthesis at some point
Term
Fossil Record
Definition
• The evidence of life before humans could make written records
Term
Sedimentary Rock
Definition
• Rock formed by accumulation of sediment that settles out of water
• Important source of fossils—can cover them quickly and preserve them
Term
Cast
Definition
• Traces of an organism—organic material has decayed
• Space where organism used to be filled with mineral different from surrounding rock
Term
Trace Fossil
Definition
• Things like footprints or burrow of an organism
Term
Relative Dating
Definition
• Understanding that a fossil is older or younger than other fossils
• Doesn’t talk about absolute age of the fossil
• The deeper the sedimentary layer, the older the soil
Term
Radiometric Dating
Definition
• To get absolute age of a fossil
• Isotopes decay at a rate measured by half life, common used ones are carbon-14/uranium-238
Term
Half-Life
Definition
• The measurement of the rate it takes for ½ of an isotope to decay
• Radiometric dating
Term
1. Earth Created
Definition
• About 4.5 bya; completely solid about 3.9 bya
Term
2. Prokaryotic Life Emerges
Definition
• 4.0-3.5 bya
• Fossil evidence of life 3.5 bya
• 3.8 bya oldest rocks on earth, life may have been there back then
Term
3. Oxygen Becomes Prevalent
Definition
• About 2.7 bya
• Introduced in large amounts by cyanobacteria that did photosynthesis
• First in ocean, later in atmosphere
• A mass extinction—many bacteria die, but many adapt, respiration emerges
Term
4. Eukaryotes Emerge
Definition
• 2.1 bya definitely there, perhaps 2.2 bya
• Endosymbiosis probably happened
Term
5. Multicellular Eukaryotes Emerge
Definition
• 1.2 bya
• One cell doesn’t have to perform all functions of an organism
• Mostly really simple until around 570 mya, then stuff like jellyfish
Term
6. Cambrian Explosion
Definition
• 543-525 mya
• A ton of animals come about at beginning of Cambrian era. Huge diversification!
• All known animal forms—worms to vertebrates—have emerged by end of this
Term
7. Land Colonized
Definition
• 500 mya
• Bacteria already there, but plants, animals, fungi start moving now
• Lots of adaptations required for different environment
Term
8. Carboniferous Period
Definition
• 360-290 mya
• Seedless plants climax and make a lot of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
Term
9. Permian Mass Extinction
Definition
• 250 mya
• Most marine animal species and lots of terrestrial animal life die
• Maybe because of oxygen deficit from volcanic activity, or Pangaea’s formation
• Mesozoic era starts
• Reptiles take over and dinosoars rule! Gymnosperms (plants with cones) become popular
Term
10. Cretaceous Extinction
Definition
• 65 mya
• Dinosaurs (and other marine animals) die
• Cenozoic era starts
• Most likely a large asteroid, maybe volcanic activity
• Mammals, birds, angiosperms (plants with flowers), pollinating insects diversify
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
• The field that has been developed to name and classify different species of life
• First modern taxonomist—Swedish Carolus Linnaeus in mid 1700s
• Species  genus  family  order  class  phylum  kingdom  domain
Term
GFOCPKD
Definition
• Gravy flows out of cones paralyzing kids and dogs
• Genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
• A form of hierarchical classification
• System made by humans, not from natural features of orgainsms  system changes
Term
Genus
Definition
• Group of similar species
Term
Family
Definition
• Group of similar genera
Term
Order
Definition
• Group of similar families
Term
Class
Definition
• Group of similar orders
Term
Phylum
Definition
• Group of similar classes
Term
Kingdom
Definition
• Group of similar phyla
Term
Domain
Definition
• Group of similar kingdoms
Term
Scientific Name
Definition
• A name that accurately describes a species
• Stays the same despite a difference in common name from region to region
• Binomial nomenclature
Term
Binomial Nomenclature
Definition
• Two-work identification of all species
• Genus epithet
• Can have an additional taxon to distinguish between members of same species
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