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-broad generalizations about the nature of the universe and the way it works -accepted conditionally and can be disproven |
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an explanation of a phenomenon in terms of its end or final cause - Antelopes stot to communicate to predators that they are aware of their presence. |
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| form of life composed of mutually interdependent parts that maintain various vital processes |
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theories that are generally accepted by the scientific community and that are used as a model to explain entire branches of science -accepted conditionally and can be disproven |
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needless repetition just in different words ex. either it will rain tomorrow or it won't rain tomorrow |
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attributing human thoughts or qualities to things that aren't human The male frog wants to attract females so it calls. |
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| science or study of living things |
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1. made of cells 2. take in energy 3. metabolism 4. homeostasis 5. irritability 6. reproduction and growth 7. subject to evolution (pops, not organisms) Carol entered my house in red earrings |
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| internal constancy: pH, temp, salt and H20 conc. |
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| perceive and respond to stimuli |
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metabolism -what is it...2 types |
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chemical reactions that occur in cells -anabolic: putting stuff totether -catabolic: breaking stuff down |
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| characteristics that depend on the level of organization of matter, but do not exist at lower levels..i.e. life |
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Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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| scientific way of classifying organisms |
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| branch of biology involved w/ tracing evolutionary relationships among organisms |
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| represents the evolutionary history of particular groups of organisms |
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similar traits between groups (taxa) that are inherited from a common ancestor -from the bottom up |
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| similar traits that arose within a group (from top down?) |
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| any group of organisms sharing a derived trait |
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| comparing a particular group to a closely related group or species (but which isn't a member of the group under study) |
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no different from a clade |
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| includes the most recent ancestor of a group and some of its descendents |
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members of the group share a trait, but it is not shared by a common ancestor -usually the result of convergent evolution |
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branch of biology dealing with form and structure of organisms |
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| similar selective pressures leading to similar traits in unrelated species |
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structures that may look the same and have the same function but are not homologous -can't be used to determine relatedness -result of convergent evolution |
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| shows patterns of evolution |
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Bacteria, Archae-Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Building ABs Produces Five Plus Another (six pack) |
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encompass kingdoms -Bacteria - Bacteria -Archae - Archae Bacteria -Eukarya - Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
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| three characteristics of Eukaryotes |
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1. Compartimentalization 2. Multicellularity 3. Sexuality |
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| specialized organelles i.e. mitochondria, golgi apparatus, etc... |
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| Examples from the Kingdom Protista |
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the phospholipid bilayer -describe |
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phospholipids have (polar) hydrophilic head and (nonpolar) hydrophobic tail -polar regions make up outsides of membrane, nonpolar parts are forced to the center (hydrophobic) region of membrane |
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| what do proteins do in the bilayer? |
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| float around and constantly switch position |
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Important Cell Membrane Components transmembrane proteins: how are the situated? 3 types and what are they involved in |
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go across both layers of bilayer 1.Carriers (active/passive transport) 2.Channels (passive transport) 3.Receptors (transmit info) |
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Important cell membrane components Cholesterol -what does it do? |
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decreases permeability of membrane -blocks certain things from going across membrane |
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Important cell membrane components Cell surface markers -what do they do and what types |
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enable cell identification -glycoproteins -glycolipids |
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Passive Transport: Diffusion (general) |
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-molecules/ions dissolved in water (or air) move randomly -material flow down the concentration gradient (high concentration to low concentration...aka diffusion) -does not require energy -non charged species can pass through phospholipid bilayer, charged species must use a protein |
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Passive Transport Diffusion across a membrane |
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-some molecules can't pass through bilayer and rely on "channel" transmembrane proteins -plasma membrane has many types of channels, each specific for a particular molecule -ion channel allows ions to pass thru PM without coming into contact with hydrophobic tails of phospholipid |
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| Facilitated diffusion or Carrier-mediated transport |
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-result of conc. gradient acoss membrane but now carriers are needed for the process (specific to particular solutes) -passive -can become saturated if all available protein carriers are being used, increases in gradient (conc.) do not increase rate of transport |
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concentrations on both sides of membrane are the same -conditions attempt to reach this state through osmosis |
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higher concentration of solute than in the environment |
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Active transport give two examples |
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-requires energy (unlike diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis) -allows cells to move molecules against the concentration gradient (low conc. to high conc.) ex. 1: sodium potassium pump ex. 2: coupled transport |
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a type of active transport across a membrane -movement of materials against the concentration gradient and requires the coupling of another molecule's movement down its gradient -ex. say sodium might be going from higher to lower conc. but this pul from Na allows sugar the come with it even though sugar is going from lower to higher conc. |
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| Bulk transport: Endocytosis |
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| proper cell functioning requires large substances that can't pass through the membrane, this is required |
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type of endocytosis cell eats |
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type of endocytosis cell drinks water |
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receptor mediated endocytosis -remember endocytosis encompass phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis |
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| receptors take some specific molecule |
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| bulk transport: exocytosis |
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| discharge of material from a cell |
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