Term
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Definition
| occurs when cell loses ability to adapt |
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Term
| reduced oxygen supply (hypoxia, ischemia) results in |
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Definition
| stroke, heart attack. blood clot, no O2 for 20-30 minutes = cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| primary cell injury, secondary inflammation |
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Term
| microbial infections result in |
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Definition
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Term
| cumulative sublethal injury |
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Definition
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Term
| nutritional imbalance may lead to |
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Definition
| obesity, vitamin deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| = increase in size, is required to reach hyperplasia. occurs often in skeletal muscle cells and neurons, which cannot proliferate in adulthood. / caused by increased demand |
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Term
| hyperplasia stimulated by |
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Definition
| increased hormones, growth factors |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in size caused by decrease in demand |
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Term
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Definition
| reversible change in differentiation; caused by vitamin A deficiency or cigarette smoking (chronic chemical/physical irritation) |
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Term
| problems with left ventricular hypertrophy / cause |
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Definition
| cause - systemic hypertrophy. problems - ischemia (heart wall gets so thick it outgrows the blood supply), heart can't pump as much blood |
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Term
| physiologic hyperplasia example |
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Definition
| proliferation of glandular epithelium in breast tissue at puberty and in pregnancy |
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Term
| compensatory hyperplasia example |
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Definition
| regeneration of liver after partial resection |
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Term
| pathologic hyperplasia example / how slides look |
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Definition
| endometrial hyperplasia as a result of excess estrogen / normal has lots of CT, hyperplastic has too many endometrial glands with more than the singular non-proliferating epithelium |
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Term
| what does atrophy look like / reversible? |
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Definition
| small cells but not dead / yes |
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Term
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Definition
| = decrease in protein synthesis and increased degradation of proteins in cells. may be accompanied by increased autophagy: starved cell eats its own components |
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Term
| degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly via |
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Definition
| the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. activation of ubiquitin ligases may occur in nutrient deficiency and catabolic conditions |
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Term
| cigarette smoker's metaplasia |
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Definition
| bronchial pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium changes to stratified squamous, leading to cough and increased infection (cilia can't clear bacteria) |
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Term
| smoking health risks and why (3) |
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Definition
| repeated episodes of infection (no cilia), lung cancer (squamous cell carcinomas), prematue death (lung disease and/or atherosclerosis = 15 years less of life on average) |
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Term
| albumin, clotting factors, lipoproteins |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of these structures: plasma membrane, ER, golgi, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, proteasomes and lysosomes, nucleus |
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Definition
| permeability barrier, ion transfer, surface reeptors; protein and lipid synthesis; protein packaging and sorting; protein transport, cell shape, cell motility; ATP synthesis, FA oxidation; protein degradation, autophagy, and autolysis; RNA and DNA synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| (reversible) cloudy swelling (of mito and ER) because of impaired Na-K pump, because of lack of ATP to run the pump, because of mito damage |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty change = triglyceride accumulation in liver, heart, muscle, or kidney. caused by chemical/drug toxicity, ethanol, obesity, diabetes, anoxia, protein malnutrition, pregnancy |
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Term
| fatty acid fates in liver cell |
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Definition
| 1. > beta oxidation > free CO2. 2. + glycerol = triglyceride. 3. + cholesterol = cholesterol ester. 4. + glycerol, phosphate and choline = phospholipid. [[triglyceride could be free, or could combine with PL and CE and an exogenous apoprotein to make a lipoprotein]] |
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Term
| biochemical mechanisms of steatosis (3) |
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Definition
| 1. increased uptake of FFA (obesity), 2. decreased catabolism/oxidation of FFA by mitochondria (drugs, anoxia, pregnancy), 3. decreased secretion of lipoproteins (chemicals, toxins, malnutrition) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| t/f morphologic cell change and biochemical change happen at the same time |
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Definition
| f- morphologic change follows biochemical change by many hours |
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Term
| differences necrosis and apoptosis (6) |
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Definition
| swelling vs. shrinkage, nucleus pyknosis/karyorrkexis/karyolysis vs. fragmentation into nucleosome-sized fragments, plasma membrane disrupted vs. intact, cell contents digested or leaked vs. intact and released in apoptotic bodies, inflammation with infiltration of leukocytes vs. not, patholic vs. mostly physiologic (but path in DNA damage) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uneven fragmentation of nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| selectively cleave DNA between nucleosomal units (at linker DNA) during apoptosis; agarose gel shows a ladder (regulated) for apoptosis and a smear for necrosis |
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Term
| apoptosis key features by light microscopy and EM |
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Definition
| scattered involvement of parenchymal cells; condensation and fragmentation of nuclear chromatin > apoptotic bodies eventually engulfed by adjacent cells |
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Term
| looking at kidney tubules, how can you tell necrosis has occurred? |
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Definition
| cells have no nuclei (karyolysis) |
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Term
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Definition
| requires activation of signal transduction pathways and proteases that initiate and execute the process of cell death |
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Term
| examples of physiologic apoptosis (3) |
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Definition
| 1. destruction of cells during emrbyological development, 2. balance between cell death/proliferation in normal tissues, 3. regulation of cellular populations in hormonally sensitive tissues |
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Term
| there is usually a balance between (3) / where / if disrupted? |
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Definition
| apoptosis, differentiation and proliferation / in normal cells / could cause hyperplasia or cancer |
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