Shared Flashcard Set

Details

6500:301 (Spring 2012)
Management Exam #1
91
Business
Undergraduate 3
03/02/2012

Additional Business Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Motivational Constraints
Definition

-Off-job conflicts

-False expectations

 

-Policies & procedures-availability of resumes

 

-negative climate & culture

-now managers inability to change talent available

 

Term
Law of Effect
Definition

pleasant outcomes tend to be repeated

 

 

positive emotions that motivate new levels of excellence

 

*Projects must be challenging; but too hard/easy is bad

 

 

Term
Four non-managerial motivational factors
Definition

1. External (off-job) factors

2. Psychological factors

 

3. organizational factors

4. Individual variables

 

Term
Psychological Variables
Definition

Perception, personality, values, beliefs, attitudes, learning à these form a person’s “Gestalt”

 

Term
Perception
Definition

{Northcraft & Neale} perception is distorted & selective (*distorted by Gestalt)                 

Diversity helps to widen one’s Gestalt

 

Term
Type A personality
Definition

organized/hardworking…tend to cause stress for those around them

 

Term
Type B personality
Definition

team oriented/develop others talents

 

Term
Values vs. Attitudes
Definition

 

values are a broad concept of the things that are important to a person; attitudes are more specific/targeted to current issues

 

  attitudes are more apt to change than values

 

Term
Factors that shape Gestalt
Definition
culture, per groups, social class, heredity (having a diverse group complicates the motivation strategy needed)
Term
Levels of Management
Definition

Senior Level:         Conceptual Skills

 

Mid-Level:                  conceptual/technical

Junior level:                  technical

Term
power of inertia
Definition

*the power of inertia is the most powerful motivational force


*Good companies shape their environment

 

 

Term
Henry Fayol:
Definition

: Planning, organizing, leading, controlling

 

         “leadership is the art of getting things done through others”

-Mary Fallot

 

Term
Great leader attributes
Definition
visionary, courageous, risk-taking, compassionate, dynamic, charismatic, transformational
Term
MBWA
Definition
managing by wandering around
Term
Types of influence
Definition
1. Legitimate/formal authority
2. Coercive power (ability to punish)
3. reward power
4. expert power
5. referent power (charisma)
Term
Trait Theory
Definition
attractiveness, intelligence (these traits have proven to have only a nominal effect on leadership
Term
Behavioral Theory
Definition
{Douglas McGregor} leader must be humanistic & participative
Term
Theory X
Definition
subordinates are only motivated extrinsically
Term
Theory Y
Definition
subordinates motivated intrinsically
Term
{Likert}
Definition
similar to behavioral theory, except doesn’e believe only one or the other. Management style is on a continuum between X &Y
Term
{Berne}
Definition
Transactional Analysis
Term
Contingency Theory
Definition
1. manager’s experience/interpersonal skills (confidence)
2. skills, values, level respect present
3. the problem at hand (time constraint, complexity)
Term
Tannebaum & Schmidt
Definition
Contingency Theory
Term
{Blake & Mouton
Definition
Managerial Grid
9;9 (high concern for people & performance) 5;5 / 5;9….etc.
Term
Fielder
Definition
says theory X for extreme situations (managers can only be X or Y, can’t change)
Term
Path-Goal
Definition
House & Mitchel} Leaders must clarify the path to reach the goals
4 styles: 1. Directive 2. Supportive 3. Participative 4. Achievement Driven
**House and Mitchel believe that a manager can actively switch between theories X and Y, contradictory to Fielder’s view
Term
Transactional Leaders
Definition
take baby steps towards change
Term
Transformational Leaders
Definition
challenge the “status quo” offering revolutionary change
Term
Thomas Teal
Definition
The Human Side of Management
Demands on managers are often impossible to meet. Too little emphasis is placed on character in managerial.
Courage and integrity cannot be taught
managing is not a set of mechanical tasks; it is a set of human interactions.
Term
Esemplastic Imagination
Definition
ingenuity and wit are needed to bring desperate elements and people together.
Term
Integrity
Definition
being responsible, communicating clearly consistently, being an honest broker, keeping promises, knowing one’s self, avoiding hidden agendas
Term
Daniel Goleman
Definition
What Makes a Leader?
Emotional Intelligence
Term
Emotional Intelligence
Definition
Self-awareness: know your weaknesses and not be afraid to address them.
Self-regulation: control impulses and channel them for good decisions
Motivation: passion for achievement for achievement’s sake; not just for incentives
Empathy: taking into account the feelings of others, while not taking on everyone’s troubles
Social Skill: friendliness with a purpose (not just being life of party)
Term
Random Aupperle quotes that might have some relevance
Definition
“Know thyself” “Bad moods at the top trickle down thorught the organization” “optimism and commitment are essential” “nothing important gets done alone” “No leader is an island”
Term
Competency models
Definition
used to identify EQ
Term
EQ indicators
Definition
big picture thinking, long term vision. Not overly critical or unrealistically hopeful. Know where they are headed and why. Able to speak openly and accurately. Able to admit failure. Self-depricating sense of humor. Firm grasp of capabilities. Driven to achieve beyond expectations. Expert persuaders.
Term
Workplace Motivation
Definition
Motivation is intrinsic; people will not make the effort if they do not agree internally. (intrinsic plays off extrinsic, both may be needed
Term
Need Theory
Definition
individuals act to fulfill needs. Important to identify employee’s needs.
Term
Alderfer’s ERG
Definition
3 needs (as opposed to Maslow’s 5 needs)
1. existence
2. relatedness (social acceptance)
3. growth
*no priority needs, focus could be on any one need at any time
Term
Herzberg’s 2 factor Theory
Definition
Hygeine & Satisfiers
Hygiene: pay, benefits satisfiers: job growth, recognition
*hygiene gets one going, satisfiers push one towards performance. (tends to be unrealistic)
Term
McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory: (thematic appreciation test (TAT))
Definition
3 needs: achievement, power, affiliation (achievement is the dominant need)
Term
Equity Theory
Definition
people desire equilibrium/balance
*importance of inputs matching outputs (understand that individuals perceptions trump realty)
Term
Reactions to Perceived Inequalities
Positive Actions
Definition
1. Discuss concerns
2. Go higher up with concerns
3. increase inputs
4. rationalize the situation
5. find other factors to motivate you
Term
Reactions to Perceived Inequalities
Negative Actions
Definition
1. Reduce inputs
2. Quit
3. Complain to peers
Term
Path-Goal Theory(revisited
Definition
House}: superior communication and empathy for subordinates
Term
Essential to Make Clear to Employees
Definition
-What their responsibilities are
-What performance criteria is
-What their performances are
Term
Consistency Theory
Definition
Korman’s
There is a premium placed on stability by most people. Fear of success, success may have negative outcomes.
Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
motivation=expectancy X instrumentality X Valence(desire for outcome)
Term
Expectancy process
Definition
1. What is the probability that it can be done
2. What is the probability of reward
3. Outcome 1 must satisfy outcome 2
*Outcome 1 is the reward, outcome 2 is the unfulfilled need; they must match
Term
Theory of Reinforcement
Definition
conditioning the response {Pavlov’s experiment}
Stimulus→response→outcome→future response
*positive reinforcement
*Punishment fails to communicate the desired behavior
*sometimes it is hard to distinguish the cause and effects; and who is manipulating who.
*Reinforcement efforts sometimes make iot hard to maintain equity
Term
Goal Theory
Definition
Edwin Locke}: Clear goals provide employees with instant feedback; offers something to relate one’s performance to.
Term
Referent Power
Definition
how well people relate to you (strong with informal leaders)
Term
Hersey & Blanchard
Definition
leadership facilitated through subordinate maturity
Increase maturity: Theory Y used deacrease maturity: theory X used
{Barnard} Power may flow top→down, or horizontally, or bottom→up
Term
Peter Drucker
Definition
efficiency: Doing things right
Effectiveness: Doing the right things
Term
Synergy
Definition
2+2=5 (the value addition of groups)
-Cohesiveness is a liability when goals are not conformed with those of the company.
Term
Goals of Team Development
Definition
1. Identify Objectives
2. Examine Performance
3. Analyze processes
4. Improve relationships/communications
5. Improve problem solving skills
6. Decrease competition / increase cooperation
7. Work more effectively
8. Increase respect
Term
Effective Team Characteristics
Definition
1. Trust & Support
2. Ability to communicate
3. Clear goals
4. Shared decision making
5. Openness & candor
6. Consensus of decisions
7. Positive interactions
8. Avoided conflicts
9. High cohesiveness
10. Functional/objective driven meetings
11. Diversity (*especially for creative tasks)
Term
4 P’s
Definition
Purpose, Participants, Planning, Process
Term
Informal Groups
Definition
task leader, HR specialists, gatekeeper, the eccentric
Term
Eric Framm
Definition
analyzed NAZI Germany, concluding that most people feared being left out.
Term
3 stages of Schien
Definition
Initiation Assimilation (follow the rules, meet expectations)
Full Membership
Term
{Kelman} Conformity in 3 steps
Definition
Compliance (appear to fit in)
Identify (dress and think the part)
Internalize (dress, think, and live the part)
Term
Pitt & Wilburforce
Definition
-Pitts speciality was accounting
Obama tends to follow pitts ideas
-wilburforce was very charismatic

Their idea was a leader can be trapped between two worlds hurting your leadership ability
Term
Trait Theory
Definition
If you want to have great leaders you must identify them and they must have the right traits
Appearance, Intelligence, Social Skills
Term
Elton Mayo
Definition
Brought about Hawthorne effect from experiments @ AT&T's Hawthonre building.
Centered experiments on workplace efficiencies involving workplace conditions as they relate to behavior and performance
Term
Hawthorne Effect
Definition
People do things in public and when they are being watched they would not normally do in private
Term
Frederick Taylor & Lillian Gilbrith
Definition
Employees are human machines
You pay them more they will perform better
Term
Fieldler
Definition
Believed that you must match people who are theory Y with Theory Y managers and vice versa
Term
Group Think
Definition
Can lead to a lack in individual thinking
Involves a charismatic leader who has a narrow view of the world
Term
Quiet Leader
Definition
Someone who has high EQ but does not want to draw attention to themselves and leads without revealing themselves
Term
Maslows Hierarchy of needs
Definition
1) Physiological (food, water, shelter)
2) Safety (Security of body, employment, resources, health)
3) Love/Belonging (friendship, family)
4) Esteem (confidence, achievements, respect)
5) Self-Actualization (morality, creativity, Problem Solving)
Term
What to take out of Chapter 14
Definition
as a manager you must figure out what the needs of your subordinates are and which needs are most important to them

Also must look at which passages in life your subordinates are in
Term
Vrooms Expectancy Theory
Definition
Similar to Expectancy theory with the following added
1) Expectancy #1 what is the probability I can do this?
2) Expectancy #2 What is the probability if I do this I will recieve the rewards
3) Instrumentality are the rewards useful to me
4) outcome #2 Needs the individual has
Term
Thorndike's Reinforcement Theory
Definition
Positive Reinforcement-applying a positive consequence that increases the likelihood that the person will repeat the behavior that led to it
Negative reinforcement-removing or withholding an undesirable consequence.
Punishment-administering an aversive consequence
Extinction-Withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence, When this occurs, motivation is reduced and the behavior is extinguished, or eliminated
Term
Project and Development teams
Definition
work on long term projects
Term
Parallel Teams
Definition
Operate separately from the regular work structure of the firm on a temporary basis
Term
Management Teams
Definition
Coordinate and provide direction to the subunits under their jurisdiction and integrate work among subunits
Term
Transnational Teams
Definition
composed of multinational members whose activities span multiple countries
Term
Virtual Teams
Definition
Communicating electronically more then face-to-face, although other types of teams may operate virtually as well
Term
Self-Managed Teams
Definition
workers are trained to do all or most of the jobs in the unit, they have no immediate supervisor, and they make decisions previously made by front line managers
Term
Traditional Work
Definition
Groups have no managerial responsibilities
Term
Quality Circles
Definition
voluntary groups of people drawn from various production teams who make suggestions about quality but have no authority to make decisions or execute
Term
Semi-autonomous work groups
Definition
mkae decisions about managing and carrying out major production activities but still get outside support for quality control and maintenance
Term
Breakdown in Leadership
Definition
Supervisor
Participant
Team member
Term
How Formal / Informal Teams Emerge
Definition
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Adjourning
Term
Forming
Definition
group members attempt to lay out ground rules for what type of behavior are acceptable
Term
Storming
Definition
Hostilities and conflict arise, and people jockey for positions of power
Term
Norming
Definition
group members agree on their shared goals, and norms and closer relationships develop
Term
Performing
Definition
the group channels into performing its tasks
Term
Adjourning
Definition
Breaking up of the team
Term
Kormans Consistency Theory
Definition
People are motivated to maintain consistency in their life
Job opportunities produce inconsistency so people turn them down
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