Term
| Inherited characteristic of a species that develops over time in a response to an environmental factor, enabling the species to survive. |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of different species living in a specific area. |
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Definition
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Term
| Taxonomic method that models evolutionary relationships based on shared derived characteristics and phylogenetic trees. |
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Definition
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Term
| Geological theory that the relative positions of the continents on the Earth's surface have changed considerable through geologic time. |
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Definition
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Term
| The number and variety of species present in an area and their spatial distribution. |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of the embryo and its development from a single-celled zygote. |
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Definition
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Term
| Includes everything that is used to reveal and determine the truth. |
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Definition
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Term
| The change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. |
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Definition
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Term
| The disappearance of a species when the last of its members die. |
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Definition
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Term
| Preserved evidence of an organism, often found in sedimentary rock, that provides evidence of past life. |
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Definition
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Term
| Random change in allelic frequencies in a population. |
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Definition
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Term
| Physical movement of alleles from one population to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| Anatomically similar structure inherited from a common ancestor; Different Function, Same Structure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Assumption based on prior experience. |
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Definition
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Term
| Permanent change in cell's DNA, ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The product of reproduction of a new organism. |
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Definition
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Term
| Orderly, direct information gathering about a natural phenomenon. |
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Definition
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Term
| Evolutionary history of a species. |
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Definition
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Term
| Group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same geographical place at the same time. |
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Definition
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Term
| Final stage in speciation, in which members of isolated populations are either no longer able to mate or no longer able to produce viable offspring. |
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Definition
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Term
| Group of organisms that an interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
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Definition
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Term
| Theory of evolution developed by Darwin, based on four ideas: excess reproduction, variations, inheritance, and the advantages of specific traits in an environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explanation of a natural phenomenon based on many observations and investigations over time. |
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Definition
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Term
| Evolution of tow or more species from one ancestral species. |
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Definition
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Term
| Different structure, Same Function |
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Definition
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Term
| Differences in physical traits of an individual from the group to which it belongs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reduced form of a functional structure that indicated shared ancestry. |
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Definition
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Term
| Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species, resulting from adaptions to similar environmental conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Evolution of one or more closely related species into different species; resulting from adaptions to different environmental conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who believed species were fixed creations arranged by their complexity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was responsible for uniformintarianism? What does it mean> |
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Definition
| Charles Lyell; Geological processes still change Earth |
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Term
| Who was responsible for discovering species extinction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was responsible for struggle for existence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was responsible for Gradualism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was responsible for Law of Use and Disuse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who developed that organisms evolved from common ancestors? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first to group similar organisms and assign them Latin names.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who proposed Catisrophism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did George Cuvier do? |
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Definition
| Studies fossil in Strata of Paris. He found some species completely disappeared in more recent layers. |
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Term
| Who was the first scientist to understand that change occurs over time? What year? |
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Definition
| Jean- Baptiste Lamark, 1809 |
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Term
| Who was a scottish geologist from 1795? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who studied invertebrate fossils in Paris Museum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who described the geological focuses that have changed life on Earth and that changes in Earth's crust are due to slow continuous processes called Gradualism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who propsed that the Earth was millions of years instead of a few thousand? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was published by Lyell before Darwin set sail on the "Beagle?" |
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Definition
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Term
| Long time scale events that create and destroy species are... |
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Definition
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Term
| Short time scale events that change the genotypes and phenotypes of population. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can evidence be found that the world has been evolving for millions of years? |
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Definition
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Term
| Geographical description of living things states that animals are on different continents by share... |
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Definition
| similar adaptions to share the environment. |
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Term
-Scientists noticed invertibrate had similar bone structure.
-Different in forms of function.
-Limb bones develop on different patterns.
This is part of the... |
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Definition
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Term
| Homologus body structures have different forms but develop from same ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who proposed theory of spontaneous generation? What is another name for this? |
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Definition
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Term
| People based their beliefs on what they saw and didn't use the scientific method on |
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Definition
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Term
| What experiment was used to disprove Spontaneous Generation? Who used it? |
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Definition
| Putting meat in jars and seeing if it turned to flies. Used by Reddi |
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Term
| Who made simple microscopes and examined water? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who showed that microorganisms flourished in various groups |
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Definition
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Term
| Who boiled soup for nearly 1 hour? |
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Definition
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Term
| ... ... is the generation of daughter cells from a parent. These are called offspring. |
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Definition
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Term
| ... ... results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. |
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Definition
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Term
| ... ... combines genetic information from two individuals of opposite mating types to produce offspring. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many prokaryotes reproduce asexually through ... ... |
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Definition
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Term
| ... ... - process that generates two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell in eukaryotes. |
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Definition
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Term
| ... ... involves the even distribution of replicated DNA into new daughter cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| During mitotic division, the nucleus divides in a process called ... followed by a division of the cytoplasm called ... |
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Definition
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Term
| ... is a specialized form of cell division that makes sexual reproduction possible. |
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis in female animals results in ..., or sex cells, that mature into eggs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis in male animals produces gametes called ... |
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Definition
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Term
| ... reduces the genetic information passed to the daughter cells by half |
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Definition
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Term
| The replication of DNA occurs in ... phase |
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Definition
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Term
| The display of all the chromosomes in a somatic cells is called the ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitosis can be divided into four main phases called ..., ..., ... and ... |
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Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase |
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Term
| Two copies of a chromosome are called ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Two cytoskeletal structures called ... begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis produces daughter cells with ... the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis is the only type of cell division that produces ... |
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Definition
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Term
| ... ... produces offspring that are genetically different from their parents and siblings through the fertilization of an egg by a sperm to create a zygote |
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Definition
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Term
| ... contain half the chromosomes found in somatic cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Meiosis occurs in two stages:
... ... reduces the number of chromosomes by separating homologous pairs.
... ... separates sister chromatids into two different daughter cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The purpose of ... ... is to separate the sister chromatids into two daughter cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis II cell division is almost exactly like ... |
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Definition
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Term
| The two haploid cells produced by meiosis I give rise to a total of ... haploid cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The reduction in chromosome numbers achieved through meiosis I offsets the combining of chromosomes when gametes fuse during ... |
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Definition
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Term
| ... ... is the random distribution of the different homologous chromosome pairs into the daughter cells during meiosis I. |
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Definition
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Term
| During cytokinesis, what will happen to the cell? |
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Definition
| It will divide and the cytoplasm will be cut. |
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Term
| Genetic variability is commonly associated with ... ... |
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Definition
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Term
| During the cell cycle, what is the longest phase covering at 90%? |
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Definition
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Term
| ... are long thin fibers when all isnt dividing. |
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Definition
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Term
| These condense into short, stubby and are DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ... is stained DNA and magnified to view under a microscope. |
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Definition
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Term
| During this phase, the mitotic spindle is formed, sister chromatids will hook onto spindle, and the nuclear envelope will fragment. |
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Definition
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Term
| During this phase, the sister chromatids line up. |
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Definition
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Term
| During this phase, the sister chromatids will separate and go to the polls. |
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Definition
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Term
| During this phase, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the nuclear envelope reforms. |
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Definition
| Telophase (cleavage furrow) |
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Term
| The average human has ... chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| In meiosis in prophase 1 -- ... |
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Definition
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Term
| How many sister chromosomes/chromatids start out in meiosis 1? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the result of meiosis 2? |
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Definition
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Term
| The father of genetics was ... ... |
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Definition
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Term
| A ... ... is any inherited characteristic of an organism that can be observed or detected. |
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Definition
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Term
| The display of a particular version of a genetic trait in a specific individual is the ... |
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Definition
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Term
| ... are different versions of a given gene |
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Definition
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Term
| An individual who carries two copies of the same allele is said to be ... for that gene. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ... is the allelic makeup of that individual with respect to a specific genetic trait. |
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Definition
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Term
| An individual whose genotype consists of two different alleles for a given phenotype is said to be ... for that gene. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Allele that exerts a controlling influence on the phenotype is said to be ... |
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Definition
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Term
| An allele that has no effect on the phenotype when paired with a dominant allele is said to be ... |
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Definition
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Term
| A ... is a change in the DNA making up a gene that creates new alleles, leading to genetic diversity in a population. |
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Definition
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Term
| The parents, or ... generation, are crossed to produce offspring, called the ... generation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two individuals from the F1 generation are then cross to produced the ... generation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mendel used ... ... ... of pea plants to conduct high controlled experiments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mendel observed a 3:1 ration of ... to ... phenotypes |
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Definition
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Term
| The ... ... was deducted by Mendel from breeding experiments in which he tracked a single trait. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ... ... is used to show all the possible ways in which two alleles can recombine through fertilization. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mendel crossed ..., individuals that are heterogeneous for two traits, to determine if the inheritance of one allele was dependent on the inheritance of another allele. |
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Definition
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Term
| The probability that a particular offspring will display a specific phenotype is completely unaffected by the ... ... |
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Definition
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Term
| ... ... - no single allele completely dominates the other when the two are paired in a heterozygote. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is when a single gene influences two or more distinctly different traits. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is when the phenotypic effect of the alleles of one gene depends on the presence of certain alleles for another, independently inherited gene. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a trait is ..., it is governed by the action of more than one gene. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ... can alter the effects of a gene. |
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Definition
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Term
| ... means "the photo" and is the physical appearance of that trait. What it looks like. |
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Definition
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Term
| ... means "the genes" and are the alleles that you have for that trait |
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Definition
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Term
| ... means "the same" while ... means "alleles" |
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Definition
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Term
| ... are the carries that don't always show the trait bu can pass to offspring. |
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Definition
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Term
| ... are also called true breeders |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Phenotype ratio? |
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Definition
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Term
| ... has an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygote. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gregor Mendel deducted that inherited traits are governed by ... ... units |
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Definition
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Term
| The ... ... states that all genes are located on chromosomes. |
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Definition
| chromosome theory of inheritence |
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Term
| Humans have an estimated ... genes located on ... pairs of chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosomes that determine sex are called ... ..., all other chromosomes are called ... |
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Definition
| sex chromosomes, autosomes |
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Term
| They Y chromosome carries the ... ..., which causes the other genes to produce male sexual characteristics, without the SRY gene, the embryo develops as a female. |
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Definition
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Term
| ... ... is an exchange of segments of nonsister chromatids in prophase I of meiosis, which produces chromosomes with new combinations of alleles. |
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Definition
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Term
| This creates new combinations of alleles through the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during meiosis. |
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Definition
| Independent assortment of chromosomes |
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Term
| Genes that are inherited together are said to be ... ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic loci that are neighbors or positioned close to each other on the same chromosome tend to be ... ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Genes cannot be genetically linked if they are located on ... ... |
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Definition
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Term
| A ... is a chart that shows genetic relationships among family members over two or more generations of a family's history. |
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Definition
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Term
| ... ... occur in non-sex cells and are not passed down to offspring. |
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Definition
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Term
| Individuals that are heterozygous for a recessive disorder are said to be ... ... of the disorder. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lethal ... ... can persist in the human population because carriers are not harmed by the disorder. |
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Definition
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Term
| Males receive ... copy of each sex-linked gene while females receive ... copies of genes on the X chromosome and ... copies of genes on the Y chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
| Males are more likely to get ... ... linked disorders. |
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Definition
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Term
| ... results when a person inherits three copies, or a trisomy, of chromosome 21. |
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Definition
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Term
| We have ... total chromosomes, ... pairs in which ... determines the gender and ... pair are autosomes |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is the sex determining region of the Y chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
| ... are also known as sex-hormones |
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Definition
|
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Term
| If no SRY gene is present, the gender will be ... |
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Definition
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Term
| During AIS, or Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, ... will not develop into a male and will remain a female. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In ..., androgen are released, selected gene is turned on and can't reproduce, leaving it infertile |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When does crossing over happen? |
|
Definition
| Prophase 1 during Meiosis 1 |
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Term
| Males receive x-linked disorders more than females because males have only ... ... linked chromosome |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| XcY represents a ... ..., XcX represents a ... ..., and XcXc represent a ... ... |
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Definition
| colorblind male, carrier female and colorblind female |
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Term
| XXY is commonly known as ..., while XYY is known as ... |
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Definition
| Klienfelters, Jacobs Syndrome |
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Term
| ... means too many or too few chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Through a series of experiments with bacteria, biologists determined that the genetic material was ... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is a nucleic acid composed of two stands of polynucleotides twisted to form a double helix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All the DNA-based information in the nucleotide or nucleus of an organism is called the ... |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ... delivers the genetic information, or instruction, from DNA to the ..., which is where proteins are made. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The process by which ribosomes convert the genetic information in mRNA into proteins is called ... |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ... and ... deciphered the physical structure of DNA in 1953. |
|
Definition
| James Watson, Francis Crick |
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Term
| Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, phosphate group and one of four ... ... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ... ... - two bases held together by hydrogen bonds in DNA molecule. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Differences in DNA sequences account for ... ... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ... ... - the unwinding of a DNA double helix and using each strong as a template for a new, complementary strand. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ... ... - and over a dozen other enezymes and proteins are required to successfully replicate a single strand of DNA |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ... ... acts as a proofreader as its bonds base pairs during DNA replication. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A change to the sequence of bases in an organism's DNA that is not corrected is called a ... |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| ... are substances or energy sources that can cause mutations. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Recognition, Removal and Replacements are the steps of ... ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Noncoding sections of DNA are called ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... are the coding segments of DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Short lengths of DNA are wound around ... ... to create a bead-on-a-string structure that is further compressed into a looped, 30-nanometer fiber |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Who discovered the process called transformation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial ... will leak through the environment to be picked up by other bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... transform non-pathogenic strains and make them pathogenic. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ... and ... found out DNA is hereditary material, virus to bacterial phase - infect bacteria. DNA is genetic material that is inherited |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Radio actively labeled DNA and proteins. ... ... - viral progency. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA (found in nucleus) → ATCG → (...) ... → (translation) 20 amino acids / proteins (made in ribosomes) in cytoplasm → mRNA does what? |
|
Definition
| transcription, mRNA messenger, leaves nucleus |
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|
Term
... is found only in transcription.
... is found in both transcription and translation.
Translation is composed of ... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
... took an XRAY of DNA
.... and ... deciphered physical structure of DNA |
|
Definition
| Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick |
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Term
| Replica DNA is considered ... ... It is made of the original ... and a new created ... |
|
Definition
| semi conservative. template, strand |
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Term
A ... ... is an enzyme that
1) brings in new nucleotides to join original template stand.
2) proofread |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... are things such as chemicals, UV light, and drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... means "intervening" or in the way of non-coding segments. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ... means "expressed. Coding segments stay in. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ... coil up to become short and stubby. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... don't divide and are long, thin fibers that are loose. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| DNA wind around these to condense and link DNA ... ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scientists hypothesized that genes were responsible for ... production and that metabolic disorders were caused by ... ... |
|
Definition
| enezyme, enzyme deficiencies |
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|
Term
| A ... is any DNA sequence that is transcribed into RNA. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ... molecules can assume a variety of three different shapes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA uses the sugar base of ... in place of ... on the DNA side. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... ... is the key enzyme in the transcription of the gene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One strand of the DNA is used as a ... ... to build an mRNA molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The newly formed mRNA undergoes ... ..., which removes the introns, and is then allowed to leave the nucleus through the nuclear pore. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unique sequence of three bases is called a ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What code is used to start codon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stop codons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is a three base sequence that determines which codons on the mRNA can be recognized by the tRNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each codon on the mRNA is recognized by a specific ..., and the ribosome adds the ... ... delivered by this tRNA to the growing amino acid chain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutations in which a single base is altered are called ... ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA sequence will determine the ... which is read in a 3 base sequence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... that will determine sequence of amino acids that make up a protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Types of DNA mutation:
1) ... / no change protein
2) protein code different from amino acid ... ...
3) stop protein short - ... ... or non-functioning protein |
|
Definition
| silent, sickle cell, cystic fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| ... ... has a codon that will determine amino acid sequence used in translation. Made from DNA leaves nucleus to go to a ribosome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The job of ... is to transfer amino acids to make proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... makes up ribosomes in RNA to hook on. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA make mRNA in ...
mRNA make protein in ... |
|
Definition
| transcription, translation |
|
|
Term
| ... hooks on ribosomes made of ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... ... is the first thing that is made in RNA splicing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Introns leave the exons because they are ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To go to cytoplasm, pro-mRNA have a ... and a ... ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... - mRNA - three base sequence of mRNA that determines amino acid of a protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During ..., it will code for some amino acid, but no change in protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... ... are found in groups of 3 bases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adding or deleting base and causing a non functional protein are results of ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... has an anti-codon, reads a codon, has a wobble, can change last base and still has code for amino acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... ... - chart of mRNA codon with 20 amino acids to determine protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during ... ..., red blood cells become sickle shaped and hemoglobin cannot carry normal amount of oxygen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... ... can be cut into smaller fragments with certain enzymes and them amplified, creating billions of copies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... ... - fragments of DNA can be joined together with the help of special enezymes, creating an artificial assembly of genetic material. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... ... - introduction of recombinant DNA into a host cell, followed by the copying and propagation of the introduced DNA in the cells of the host and all of it's offspring. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organisms that have been genetically engenieered are called ... ... ... |
|
Definition
| genetically modified organisms |
|
|
Term
| ... ... is the process of identifying DNA unique to a species or individual and is especially important in forensic science. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| ... is the three step process that begins with removing the nucleus from an egg and then fusing the enucleated egg with a somatic cell from a nuclear donor. |
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| The new embryo is then implanted into a ... ... to develop |
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| ... ... raises ethical concerns in the minds of some. |
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| Some see no conflict in altering ... of a bacterium or a virus but object to changing the ... of a food plant. |
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| ... modified ... produce such things as insulin, blood-clotting proteins for hemophiliacs, and clot-dissolving enzymes for stroke victims. |
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| ... ... allows scientists to see and analyze DNA fragments. |
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| A ... ... ... uses a special type of DNA polymerase to quickly make billions of copies of a targeted DNA sequence. |
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| polymerase chain reaction |
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| PCR is used in diverse fields such as medical diagnostics, forensics, paternity testing, and paleoanthropology to ... the DNA collected from only a few cells. |
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... can be used to:
- alter the inherited characteristics of an organism.
- used to make copies of recomb. DNA to host rell.
- raises ethical questions |
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