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| An agent such as a virus, bacteria, or fungus, that causes disease. |
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| Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm. |
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| White blood cell (for example, a neutrophil or a monocyte) that engulfs bacteria, foreign proteins, and the remains of dead body cells. |
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| A large, amoeboid, phagocytic white blood cell that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell. |
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| A cell type that provides an innate immune response by attacking cancer cells and infected body cells, especially those harboring viruses. |
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| In vertebrates, a type of circulating body cell that produces histamine, triggering the inflammatory response. |
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| A chemical alarm signal released by injured cells of vertebrates that causes blood vessels to dilate during an inflammatory response. |
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| What substance, produced by virus-infected cells, diffuses to neighboring cells to help them fight a viral infection? |
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| The master control center of the system, located in the ventral portion of the vertebrate forebrain. It function in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the posterior pituitary and releasing hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary. |
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| An innate defensive protein produced by virus-infected vertebrate cells and capable of helping other cells resist viruses. |
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| A tpe of white blood cell that is chiefly responsible for the acquired immune respons; |
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| The vertebrate organ system through which lymph circulates; includes lymph vessels, lymmph nodes, and the spleen. Helps remove toxins and pathogens from the blood and interstitial fluid and returns fluid and solutes from the interstitial fluid to the circulatory system. |
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| A protein dissolved in blood plasma that attaches to a specific kind of antigen and helps couter its effects. |
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| A foreign (nonself) molecule that elicits an acquired immune response. |
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| A type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies; responsible for the humoral immune response. |
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| An endocrine gland in the neck region of mammals that is active in establishing the immune syste; secretes several hormones that promote the development and differentiation of T cells. |
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| A type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and is responsible for the cell-mediated immune respons; also involved in humoral immunity. |
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| Brought about by antibody-producing B cells; fights bacteria and viruses in body fluids. |
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| A type of lymphocyte that helps activate other types of T cells and may help stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. |
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| A clone of long-lived lymphocytes formed during the primary immune response; remains in a lymph node until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation. When activated, a memory cells forms a large clone that mounts the secondary immune response. |
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| A procedure that presents the immunce system with a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen, thereby stimulating the immune system to mount a long-term defense against the pathogen. |
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| A close association of plant roots and fungi that is beneficial to both partners. |
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| A member of the green algal group that are considered the closest relatives of land plants. |
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| A modified leaf used by some plants to climb around a fixed structure. |
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| An enlargement at the end of a rhizome in which food is stored. |
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| A horizontal stem that grows below the ground. |
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| A flowering plant whose embryos have a single seed leaf, or cotyledon. |
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| A term traditionally used to refer to flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons. |
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| The first leaf that appears on an embryo of a flowering plant; a seed leaf. |
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| A ripened, thickened ovary of a flower, which protects developing seeds and aids in their dispersal. |
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| In flowering plants, the basal portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. |
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| A plant embryo packaged with a food supply within a protective covering. |
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| A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat (integuments) of an ovule. In a flowering plant, the seed coat encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm. |
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| The union of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote. |
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| In seed plants, the delivery, by wind or animals, or pollen from the male parts of a plant to the stigma of a carpel on the female. |
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| A sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm. The union of two gametes of opposite sex (fertilization) produces a zygote. |
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| In the life cycle of an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing a single set of chromosomes; an n cell. |
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| In an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two homologous sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent; a 2n cell. |
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| A reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant. |
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| The multicellular haploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; |
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| A naked-seed plant. Its seed is said to be naked because it is not enclosed in an ovary. |
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| The multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation. |
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| A structure in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop. |
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| A plant with xylem and phloem, including club mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. |
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| A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. |
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| One of a group of plants that lack xylem and phloem; a nonvascular plant. Include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. |
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| Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos. |
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| The fertilized egg, which is diploid, that results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus. |
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| Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body. |
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| All of a plant's stems, leaves, and reproductive structures. |
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| In plants and algae, a haploid cell that can develop into a multicellualr individual without fusing with another cell. |
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| All of a plant's roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food. |
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| An outgrowth of an epidermal cell on a root, which increases the root's absorptive surface area. |
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| A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the root's apical meristem. |
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| A chemical that hardens the cell walls of plants. |
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| An innate body defense in vertebrates caused by a release of histamine and other chemical alarm signals that trigger increased blood flow, a local increase in white blood cells, and fluid leakage from the blood. The resulting inflammatory responce includes redness, heat, and swelling in the affected tissues. |
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| Brought about by T cells; fights body cells infected with pathogens. |
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| External Defenses include |
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| Physical and Chemical barriers. |
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| Immune system in animals includes |
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| Internal and External Defenses |
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| Internal Defenses include |
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| Innate and Adaptive Immunity |
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| Phagocytosis and inflammation |
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| Adaptive immunity includes |
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| Antibody-mediated and Cell-mediated immunity |
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Barriers-Linings of lungs, mucus, and digestive systems
Chemicals- Tears; washing action and enzymes, Saliva; fluids and enzymes, and Stomach; acids and enzymes.
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| Slow down microbial production. Bacteria, fungi, and protists are affected. |
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| The outer protective covering of plants. |
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| Mad up mostly parenchyma cells that makes up the bulk of a young plant and is continuous throughout its body. It fills the space between the epidermis and vascular tissue system. |
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| In plants, a relatively unspecialized cell with a thin primary wall and no secondary wall; functions in photosynthesis, food storage, and aerobic respiration and may differentiate into other cell types. |
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| An open channel in a plant cell wall through which strands of cytoplasm connect from adjacent cells. |
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| In plants, a supportive cell with rigid secondary walls hardened with lignin. |
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| Secondary immune response |
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| The immune response elicited when an animal encounters the same antigen at some later time. It is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration than the primary immune response. |
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| Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body. |
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| In plants, a very hard, dead sclerenchyma cell found in nutshells and seed coats; a stone cell. |
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| A tapered, porous, water-conducting and supportive cell in plants. Chains of them or vessel elements make up the water-conducting, supportive tubes in xylem. |
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| A specialized, dead plant cell with lignin-containing secondary walls, arranged end to end, forming xylem tissue. |
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| The nonliving portion of a plant's vascular system that provides support and conveys xylem sap from the roots to the rest of the plant. Xylemis made up of vessel elements and/or tracheids, water-conducting cells. |
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| Derived from the procambium. |
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| Derived from the vascular cambium in plants exhibiting secondary growth. |
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| What is the dominant generation (stage) in bryophytes? |
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| haploid- gametophyte compromises main plant |
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| What is the dominant generation (stage) in tracheophytes( vascular plants)? |
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| Diploid- sporophyte compromises main plant |
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| Generation of plants for bryophytes |
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| The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, which extends from the gametophyte and produces haploid spores through meiosis. Once the spores germinate, they produce new gametophyte plants and the cycle continues. |
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| Through what process do sporophytes generate spores? |
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| Structure that contains the female gametophyte and gametes; after fertilization, develops into a seed. |
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| The outgrowth of a pollen grain that creates a path through the female sex organ in order to penetrate to the egg cells. |
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| What are the three main components of a seed, and from what are they derived? |
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| The embryo, the food source (derived from gametophyte tissue in gymnosperms and from endosperm in angiosperms), and the seed coat (derived from the integument of the ovule). |
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| In plants, a long, slender sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in a bundle. |
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