Term
| What are key points of the ophthalmic history? |
|
Definition
-family issues
-visual behavior
-general developmental history |
|
|
Term
| What are key points of the ophthalmic physical exam? |
|
Definition
-acuity: fixation and quantitative
-pupils
-external: lids and orbit
-eye movements
-anterior segment
-posterior segment: red reflex |
|
|
Term
| What is visual acuity at 3 years old? 4 years old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some visual acuity testing techniques that have fallen out of favor? |
|
Definition
-picture testing
-Sheridan-Gardner (symmetrical letters matching)
-tumbling "E" |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of myopia? |
|
Definition
| -1/3 of population < 18 years old |
|
|
Term
| What is management of refractive error? |
|
Definition
-spectacles
-contact lenses
-laser
-NOT bifocals, exercises, medications |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common refractive error? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of leucocoria? |
|
Definition
-structural: cornea, lens, retina
-tumor |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical presentation of glaucoma? |
|
Definition
-epiphora: excess tears
-enlarged cornea
-+/- red reflex |
|
|
Term
| What are labs for pediatric cataracts? |
|
Definition
-urine: reducing substances, amino acids
-TORCH: 4 fetal infections
-VDRL: syphilis
-blood: calcium, phosphorus, RBC galactokinase level |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of amblyopia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the management of amblyopia? |
|
Definition
-spectacles
-patching
-cycloplegic drops: blur vision in other eye with atropine
-correction through 8 years old |
|
|
Term
| What are diagnosistic tests for strabismus? |
|
Definition
-light reflex testing
-cover test |
|
|
Term
| Which develops earlier in life: eso- or exotropia? |
|
Definition
-esotropia: congenital or infantile
(-exotropia: preschool) |
|
|
Term
| What is management for strabismus? |
|
Definition
-correct refractive error
-correct amblyopia
-surgery for larger angles that don't respond to above |
|
|
Term
| What are the AAP recommendations for vision assessment at different ages? |
|
Definition
-birth: red reflex
-6 mos: alignment
-3-4 yrs: measure vision |
|
|
Term
| What do vesicles in conjunctivitis indicate? |
|
Definition
-herpes simplex
-herpes zoster |
|
|
Term
| What does purulent discharge in conjunctivitis indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does preauricular node in conjunctivitis indicate? |
|
Definition
-viral infection
-chlamydia
-herpes simplex |
|
|
Term
| What types of conjunctivitis have few signs? |
|
Definition
-allergic
-vernal: spring
-atopic |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical presentation of allergic conjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
-symmetric
-no adenopathy
-minimal discharge |
|
|
Term
| What is the management for allergic conjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
-symptom relief
-topical antihistamine
-systemic antihistamine |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical presentation of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
-conjunctival follicles
-corneal opacities
-preauricular adenopathy |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical presentation of pharyngeal conjunctival fever? |
|
Definition
- ~epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
-pharyngitis
-fever |
|
|
Term
| What is the management of viral conjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
-cool compresses
-decongestants
-antihistamines
-avoid steroids
-anti-inflammatory drops
-sunglasses
-restrict contacts: finger to eye spread |
|
|
Term
| What topical medications are used for management of bacterial conjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
-erythromycin
-tobramycin, gentamicin
-gramicidin-neomycin-polymyxin B
-trimethoprim-polymyxin B
-ciprofloxacin
-moxifloxacin, levofloxacin |
|
|
Term
| What is management of nasolacrimal duct obstruction? |
|
Definition
-massage
-antibiotics
-probing: at 1 year old |
|
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