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| Refers to a malignant tumor |
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| Cancer often results in cellular damage due to |
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| Infection, environmental factors, genetic dispositions |
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| These growths are well defined capsules, well differentiated, and do not metastasize |
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| These tumors are rapidly growing, invasive, poorly differentiated, and highly mitotic |
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| What is difference between malignant and benign tumors |
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| metasasize, rapid growing, invasive, differentiation |
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| What is the suffix usually used to signify a cancer |
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| Tumor in striated muscle (benign) |
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| Tumor in meninges (benign) |
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| Tumor in epithelial tissue (maliganant) |
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| Tumor in glandular or duct epithelium |
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| Tumor in lymph (malignant) |
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| Tumor in connective tissue (malignant) |
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| What is the progression of dysplasia to neoplasm |
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| Normal, dsyplasia, In situ neoplasm, invasive neoplasm |
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| Cancer of the lymphatic tissue |
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| Cancer of the lymphatic tissue is a |
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| Cancer of blood forming cells |
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| Cancer of blood forming cells is |
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| What is Carcinoma in situ |
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| Early stage of cancer, pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumor of glandular or squamous cell origin; Localized to eiptheliu w/o penetrating the basement membrane or invading surronding stroma; Glandular - stomach, endometrium, breast, colon; Squamous - cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, bronchus. |
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| This involves the size of the tumor, degree of invasion, and extent of spread |
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| 5 levels of cancer staging |
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| 0; 1 - Cancer is confined to its organ of origin; 2 - Locally invasive; 3 - Regional structures; 4 - Distant sites |
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| What is Cancer cell autonomy |
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| ability of cancer cell to be independent |
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| If the cancer cell is able to be independent, it demonstates . . . |
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| If a cancer cell does tnot need to be attached to firm surface to divide, it is . . . |
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| Ankorage independent cancer needs |
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| no place to be attached in order to divide |
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| When cancers demonstrate unlimited life span, they show they are . . . |
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| term describing cancers loss of defferentialtion |
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| Cancers are pleomorphic, meaning |
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| they have many shapes and sizes |
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| Biological markers or substances produced by cancer cells are |
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| Tumor markers are found . . . |
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| in or on the tumor polasma membranes in blood, spinal fluid or urine |
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| Examples of tumor markers are . . . |
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| hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, antibodies |
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| Tumor markers are used to . . . |
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| screen and ID individuals @ high risk for cancer. |
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| Get's a lunch at the cafeteria |
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| First 2013, UT CNL student to let Buck Know they found this card, All rights reserved: You aren't first, you don't get me to pay (I'll still go to eat with you though ;-) |
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| Prostate Specific antigen |
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| Carcinoembryonic antigen . . . .seriously, who names these things? |
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| Who gets cancer more, young or old |
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| Old; after 40 yrs old, risk rises exponentially |
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| Genetic basis: a single mutation may result in |
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| clonal proliferation or clonal expansion |
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| Clonal proliferation or clonal expansion |
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| Genetic basis of cancer, single gene mutation may cause |
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| Genetic basis: how many gene mutations does it normally take to cause cancer |
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| Autocrine stimulation is demonstrated when . . . |
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| cancer cells secrete growth factors to stimulate self-growth |
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| What receptors to some cancer cells have that alters their size |
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| What receptor is mutated in the "on" position on a cancer cell |
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| This mutation gives cancer cells the ability to grow w/o growth factor |
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| Mutation in the RAS intracellular signaling proteing |
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| Programable cell death that can be supressed by cancer |
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| What factor facilitates "feeding" the tumor |
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| vascular endothelial growth factor |
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| Platelet derived growth factor |
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| Radiology procedure to block off blood supply to feeding tumor |
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| Intervention Radiology procedure does what |
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| Blocks off blood supply to feeding tumor |
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| new blood vessel growth stimulated by factors from tumor |
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| Another name for angiogenesis |
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| What is the hallmark of cancer cells? |
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| What is the protective cap at the end of chromosomes |
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| Enzyme involved with ends of DNA strands |
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| What shortens after each cell division and may be related to aging? |
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| Cancers cells activate this allowing them to continue division and avoid aging |
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| Mutant genest that direct protein synthesis and accelerage proliferation (when in a non-mutant state) |
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| Direct protein synthesis and accerlate proliferation |
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| If only one, or a few base pairs are changed in a DNA sequence, it is a ? |
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| Part of a chromosome is transferred to another chromosome when there is a? |
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| Duplication of a small piece of chromosome resulting in multiple copies is |
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| Only one or a few base pairs on a strand of DNA are changed |
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| Chromosome Translocation occurs when? |
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| A section of DNA is transferred from one to another chromosome |
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| Chromosome Amplification results in |
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| Multiple copies of the same small piece of chromosome |
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| An agent, such as a chemical, ultraviolet light, or a radioactive element, that can induce or increase the frequency of mutation in an organism. |
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| Is a mutation occurs in a somatic cell, is it heritable? |
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| No, for a mutation to be passed on to progeny, it must occur in a germline cell |
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| If a mutation is heritable, it occurred in what type of cell? |
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| Examples of germline cells are? |
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| Sperm, eggs or there progenitors |
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| Tumor supressor gene and causes breast cancer |
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| Familial adenomatous polyps |
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| The tumor supressor gene associated with breast cancer is? |
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| The gene associated with familial adenomatous polys is |
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| A foreign segment of DNA/RNA that highjacks cellular protein sythesis AND can cause some cancers |
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| Viruses associated with malignant neoplasm (see table 11-6 p. 378) |
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| Hep A, B; Herpes; HPV; retroviruses |
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| Bacterial commonly found in stomach than can cause cancer |
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| Bacterial found in >50% of world population; associated with peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma, as well as B cell lymphomas of stomach |
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| Which cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and what is associated with its cause? |
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| Gastric carcinoma caused by Heliobacter pylori |
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| In important factor in the development of cancer is this tissue state |
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| Chronic inflamation is important to cancer development. How? |
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| Cellular injury: cytokine reclease, free radicals, mutation promotion, decreased response to DNA Damage |
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| 4th sign of the zodiac and pretty tasty dipped in butter (when we're talking about the crab, that is.) |
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| When cancer spreads into distant organs it is called |
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| Cancer cells implanting in other portions of the body |
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| Metastasis extentions can be? |
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| Metastases penetrate into these systems that allow rapid/easy movement to secondary sites |
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| Lymphatic or blood systems |
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| Direct invasion of contiguous/neighboring organs by cancer |
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| Cellular multiplication of cancer is characterized by (growth characters) |
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| High mitotic division and low cell deaths |
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| A cancer can push into an are via |
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| Cancer can damage neighboring tissue as it spread by realeasing these |
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| Improving its ability to spread, cancer cells have lowered _________ in relation to surrounding tissue |
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| Intravasation & Extravasation are related to cancer cells' _______ |
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| Entry of foreign matter into a blood vessel. |
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| Entry of foreign matter into a blood vessel is |
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| To force the flow of (blood or lymph) from a vessel out into surrounding tissue. |
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| To force the flow of (blood or lymph) from a vessel out into surrounding tissue. |
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| Pain, fatigue, cachexia, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, infenction & paraneoplasctic syndromes are all _______ |
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| Clinical Manifestations of Cancer |
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| A clinical sign of cancer: Weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility that can occur during a chronic disease. |
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| A clinical sign of cancer: A pathological deficiency in the oxygen-carrying component of the blood, measured in unit volume concentrations of hemoglobin, red blood cell volume, or red blood cell number. |
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| A clinical sign of cancer: An abnormal decrease in the number of platelets in circulatory blood. |
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| A clinical sign of cancer: symptom complexes that cannot be explained bgy local or sistant spread of the tumor or by the effects of houmoes released by the tissue from which the tumor arose |
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| A clinical sign of cancer: An abnormally low number of white blood cells in the circulating blood. |
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| How much pain is associated with early stage malignancies? |
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| These factors can worsten pain |
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| Fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue and overall physical deterioration |
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| These are various mechanisms that produce or exacerbate pain. |
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| Pressure, obstruction, invasion of visceral surfaces, tissue destruction, inflammation |
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| Fatigue is objective or subjective? |
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| A clinical manifestation that is Subjective |
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| Fatigue characteristics that aren't obvious are |
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| inability to concentrate, depression, boredom, lack of motivation |
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| Possible causes of fatigue are |
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| sleep disturbance, biochemical changes (from cytokines,) psychosocial factors, activity levels, nutritional issues, environmental factors |
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| The most severe form of malnutrition |
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| How many cancer patients manifest cachexia? |
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| Anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, anemia, taste alterations and altered metabolytes are all signs of? |
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| One might suspect Cachexia if they perceived these signs? |
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| Anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, anemia, taste alterations and altered metabolytes |
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| A clinical sign of cancer manifesting as decreased blood hemoglobin is? |
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| Chronic bleeding, severe malnutrition, medical therapies, or blood borne malignancies can all cause this blood condition |
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| Normal white blood cell counts are noted in what test |
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| Normal platelet count is? |
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| Low platelet count is called |
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| What tissue, when damaged, causes leukopenia and thrombocytopenia? |
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| Bone marrow is damaged by this treatment: |
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| Decreased neutrophils and lymphocytes increase the risk of? |
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| 1st type of chemotherapy, and a gas used in war |
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| This type of chemotherapy shrinks tumors |
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| This is administered to post surgical excision to eliminate micro-metastases |
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| This is administered prior to a localized surgery or radiation treatment |
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| A non-selective cytotoxic drug that targets vital cellular pathways: affects tumors and normal tissue |
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| The goal of chemotherapy is |
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| eliminate the majority of tumor cells to promote self defense mechanisms to eradicate remaining cells |
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| Chemotherapy agents are always given as a single agent. (T/F) |
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| False, they can be given alone, or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. |
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| A cancer treatment that activates or blocks cell receptors AND interferes with cell growth and signalling |
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| Immunotherapy is used to/when: |
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| cancer is not responding to conventional chemo-/radiation therapy |
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| Immunotherapy's goal is to |
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| target only cancer cells by targeting specific antigens. |
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| Interferons, Antigens, lymphokines, and monoclonal antibodies are used for? |
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| obtain tissue biopsy, debulk tumor mass, palliative reasons (decrease affect of tumor on other organs or tissues.) |
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| True or False: surgical procedure must not be very precise when extracting a tumor |
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| False: a doctor must be careful in all procedures so as not to spread cancerous tissues. |
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| Surgery "musts" for cancer |
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| adequate margins, careful needle placement, biopsy incision scars (cancer contamination,) adequate tissue sample for proper Dx by pathology |
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| Risks from ionizing radiation are |
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| irreversible damage to normal cells, cumulative effect |
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| This tool damages the DNA of cancer AND normal cells using high energy atomic particles |
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| Lifetime ________ dose - very important to medical professionals as can cause cancer if too much exposure |
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| Use of small, radioactive iodine pills placed inside the body is called: |
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| Brachytherapy is placing a small radioactive iodine capsule in the body in proximity to cancerous tissue. What are some cancers where this is used? |
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| Cervix, Prostate, some head and neck |
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| Why are GI cells affected by cancer treatments? |
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| They are rapid growing normal cells and constantly undergoing turn-over |
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| When GI cells are affected by cancer treatment, it is important to give the client _____ |
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| Often a side effect for cancer treatments: hair loss. |
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| A reproductive side effect to cancer treatment would be |
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| decreased fertility or premature menopause. |
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Benign tumors:
1. are poorly differentiated.
2. are encapsulated.
3. lose normal tissue structure.
4. may spread to a distant location. |
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ANSWER AND RATIONALE: 2. Are encapsulated. Benign tumors are usually encapsulated and do not invade the capsule that surrounds them.
1. Benign tumors are typically well differentiated.
3. Benign tumors maintain some normal tissue structure.
4. Benign tumors do not spread or metastasize to distant locations |
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Autonomy of cancer cells refers to the ability to:
1. transform from a normal to a cancer cell.
2. continue to divide even when in an agar plate.
3. have an unlimited life span.
4. be independent from normal cellular controls. |
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ANSWER AND RATIONALE: 4. Be independent from normal cellular controls. Development of autonomy is part of the transformational process whereby the normal cell becomes a cancer cell.
1. Transformation is the change from a normal to a cancer cell.
2. The property known as anchorage independence indicates that cancer cells can continue to divide even in an agar plate.
3. Immortality refers to the unlimited life span of cancer cells. |
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Tumor markers are found:
1, on the surface of organs of the body.
2. by examination of serum.
3. by radiographic examination.
4. by physical examination. |
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ANSWER AND RATIONALE: 2. By examination of serum. Tumor markers are produced by cancer cells and may be released into the blood, where they can be measured.
1. Tumor markers are found on cancer cells or tumors, not on healthy cells and organs.
3. Tumor markers cannot be visualized by radiographic examination.
4. Tumor markers cannot be identified with physical examination. |
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