Term
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Definition
| learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex |
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Term
| unconditional Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus that has no effect on the desired response |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| stimulus that become able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the disappearance or weakening of the learned response following the removal of absence of the unconditioned stimulus or the removal of the reinforce |
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Term
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Definition
| any event or object that, when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again |
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Term
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Definition
| reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| conditioned emotional response |
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Definition
| emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimulus, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person |
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Term
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Definition
| learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses |
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Term
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Definition
| any behavior that is voluntary |
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Term
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Definition
| law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| any event of stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again |
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Term
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Definition
| any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch |
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Term
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Definition
| any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcement of a response by the addition of experience of a pleasurable stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcement of a response y the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| any event of object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again |
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Term
| punishment by application |
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Definition
| the punishment f a response by the addition of experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior |
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Term
| successive approximations |
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Definition
| small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus such as a stop sign or a doorknob that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement |
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Term
| partial reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not al, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcement of each and every correct reponse |
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Term
| fixed interval schedule of reinforcemebt |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same |
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Term
| variable interval schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event |
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Term
| fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same |
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Term
| variable ratio schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for an animal's behavior to revery to genetically controlled patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens |
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Term
| applied behavior analysis (ABA) |
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Definition
| modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior of response |
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Term
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Definition
| using of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful |
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Term
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Definition
| the sudden preception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of the history of repeated failures in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior |
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Term
| learning/performance distinction |
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Definition
| referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior |
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