Term
| Most common relative concentrations of calcium in serum & urine in idiopathic kidney stones? |
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Definition
Hypercalciuric, normocalcemia (50% of cases)
OR
Normocalciuric, normocalcemia |
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Term
| What cell mediates Type I hypersensitivity reaction by producing histamindase & arylsulfatase? |
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Definition
Eosinophils
Also bind Fc of IgE when killing parasites |
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Term
| Where does the AA attach on the tRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
Which pneumoconiosis:
1) has increased risk for TB
2) Looks like sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas in lungs, hilar nodes, & tissues)
3) Eggshell calcifications & birefringent particles in fibrotic nodules
4) increased risk for lung cancer but not mesothelioma
5) ferruginous bodies
6) increased risk for lung cancer > mesothelioma |
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Definition
1) Silicosis
2) Berylliosis
3) Silicosis
4) Berylliosis
5) Asbestosis
6) Asbestosis |
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Term
Name enzyme:
1) Accumulation of glycogen in vesicles & cardiomegaly
2) painful muscle cramps & myoglobinuria w/ exercise. Lots of glycogen in muscle.
3) Severe fasting hypoglycemia w/ increased liver glycogen & lactic acidosis at a very young age
4) Milder form of VonGierke's |
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Definition
1) Acid maltase (alpha1,4-glucosidase); Pompe's disease
2) SM glycogen phosphorylase; McArdle's
3) Glucose6phosphatse; VonGierke's
4) Debranching enzyme (alpha1,6-glucosidase); Cori's disease |
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Term
1) What do you need to convert Oxaloacetate to PEP?
2) What step in the Kreb cycle do you get this factor? |
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Definition
1) GTP
2) Succinyl CoA -> Succinate |
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Term
| What routes of administration obviate significant first-pass metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you differentiate the different staph? |
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Definition
All are catalase+
S.aureus is coagulase+
S.epi & S.sapro are coagulase-
S.sapro is novobiocin resistant |
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Term
What/which bacteria:
1) Has same type of toxin as Diphteria?
2) Toxin inactivates Gi?
3) Toxin depolymerizes actin -> cell death |
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Definition
1) Pseudomonas
2) Pertussis
3) C.diff (death of colonic mucosa -> pseudomembrane) |
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Term
Name uterine structure:
1) goes to labia majora
2) Contains uterine artery
3) Contains ovarian vessels
4) Passes over ureter
5) connects ovary to uterus |
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Definition
1) Round ligament
2) Cardinal ligament
3) Suspensory ligament
4) Uterine artery
5) Ovarian ligament |
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Term
| baby born w/ overlapping fingers |
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Definition
Trisomy18 (edwards)
Remember that Trisomy13 (patau) has cleft lip/palate, polydactyly and omphalocele. both conditions have rocker-bottom feet
micrognathia, eye defects, low set ears, microcephaly, NTDs, retardation, clenched hands, overlapping fingers, rocker-bottom feet, meckel's diverticulum, malrotation |
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Term
| MOA of GABA-a and GABA-b receptors |
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Definition
GABA-a = Cl- channel (Cl influx -> depoloarization)
GABA-b = GPCR -> increase K+ efflux and decrease Ca++ influx. This channel is targeted by baclofen (used in "spasticity") |
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Term
| Point tenderness in many places including spine of scapula, lateral epichondial, medal fat pad of knee. Pain with exercise. Morning stiffness |
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Definition
Fibromyalgia
ASIDE: polymyalgia rheumatica is characterized by morning stiffness of muscles in neck, shoulder, and girdle. Weight loss & elevated ESR are characteristic. It has an association w/ temporal arteritis |
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Term
| Milrinone MOA? How does it work in heart & smooth muscle? |
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Definition
PDE3 inhibitor -> increases cAMP
HEART: PKA -> phosphorylate L-type Ca2+ channels & phospholambin -> increase intracellular Ca2+
(ASIDE: phospholambin inhibits SERCA)
Smooth Muscle: PKA -> phosphorylates MLCK (inactivates it)
(ASIDE: PKG -> phosphatase ->dephosphorylates myosin light chain -> relaxation |
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Term
Name what type of vessel each drug dilates best:
1) Nitroglycerin
2) Alpha1 blockers |
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Definition
1) Veins
2) small arteries & arterioles
NOTE: precapillary sphincters are controlled by local CO2, O2, and epinephrine levels |
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Term
Say which benzos are short, medium, or long-acting:
Diazepam, lorazepam, Triazolam, Oxazepam, Midazolam, Chlordiazepoxide, Alprazolam |
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Definition
Ultra short acting: Midazolam (used for surgical induction)
Short (<6 hrs): Triazolam, oxazepam (used for sleep)
Medium (6-24hrs): Lorazepam, Alprazolam
Long (>24hrs): Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam
note: oxazepam, temazepam, lorazepam are not liver metabolized
Remember, flumazenil for overdose |
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Term
| describe micturation reflex |
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Definition
| http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter27/animation__micturition_reflex.html |
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Term
H.pylori infecting antrum
H.pylori infecting body/fundus |
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Definition
Antrum: increased acid & duodenal ulcers
Body/fundus: decreased acid production, atrophic gastritis/gastric ulcers, intestinal metaplasia, increased risk for gastric adenocarcinoma
Both, however, are associated with MALTomas |
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Term
| Lung cancer presenting as pneumonia-like consolidation. Many mucus-secreting columnar cells that grow along preexisting bronchioles. Not associated w/ smoking. |
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Definition
Bronchoalveolar carcinoma
I got this question wrong b.c. I said it was a "benign" neoplasm. It is malignant, but doesn't invade vasculature or stroma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiac output = (O2 consumption)/(AV O2 difference) |
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Term
| Most common cause of asthma? |
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Definition
extrinsic inhaled allergens (e.g. pet dander)
Exercise & cold-induced types are less common |
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Term
| Intermittent respiratory Sx in a pt w/ normal CXR, occasional sputum eosinophils, and reduced FEV1 |
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Definition
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Term
ANP & BNP
Where are they secreted?
Can the ventricles secrete ANP? |
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Definition
ANP is secreted by the atria
BNP is secreted by the ventricles
ANP can be secreted by the ventricles when there is pathological hypertrophy or volume overload |
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Term
| Drug for male-pattern baldness & BPH |
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Definition
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Term
| Paranasal sinus involvment causing headache & nasal stuffiness in diabetics in DKA or immunosuppressed |
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Definition
Rhizopus, Mucor and Absidia spp.
they only exist in mold form. Form broad, nonseptate hyphae that branch @ wide (often 90 degree) angles
Treated w/ amphoB |
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