Term
| Why do NSAIDs abrogate effectiveness of loop diuretics? |
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Definition
| Loop diuretics increase PGL release --> increase renal blood flow (thus diuresis) & decrease peripheral vascular resistance |
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Term
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Definition
1) Inhibits hepatic VLDL production (partly due to it's inhibition of lypolysis in adipose, thus decreasing hepatic delivery of FAs)
2) decreases VLDL->LDL conversion
3) increases HDL |
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Term
| when do macrophages infiltrate an infarct? |
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Definition
3-5 days
remember:
1day = cell changes (wavy fibers, red neurons, etc)
1week = inflammation (neutrophils first, macrophages second)
1month = scar |
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Term
Inferior blowout fracture:
1) what bond is broken?
2) what sinus is penetrated into? |
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Definition
1) Maxillary bone (floor of orbital cavity)
2) Maxillary sinus |
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Term
Medial blowout fracture:
1) which bone is fractured?
2) What sinus is perforated into? |
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Definition
1) ethmoid bone (anteromedial boarder of orbit)
2) ethmoid sinus |
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Term
| what must preceded dystrophic calcifications in a normocalcemic patient? |
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Definition
Cell necrosis (e.g. aortic valve)
ASIDE: this occurs b.c. necrotic tissue doesn't have normally present tissue inhibitors of calcification (i.e. pyrophosphate) |
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Term
Name toxin for each antidote:
1) Dimercaprol
2) EDTA
3) Deferoxamine
4) Methylene blue |
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Definition
1) Arsenic (chelator; displaces As from sulfhydryl groups on proteins)
2) Lead & mercury
3) Iron
4) methemoglobinemia (e.g. dapsone, TMP-SMX)
(NOTE: arsenic poisoning can affect many organ systems: cardiomyopathy, PVD, encephalopathy, skin cancer, etc) |
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Term
1) Where are steroid hormone receptors located?
2) Where is Thyroid hormone receptors located? |
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Definition
1) Cytosol (also cortisol & vitamin D)
2) Nucleus
NOTE: RAR are predominantly in the cytosol |
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Term
| virus w/ circular dsDNA & reverse transcriptase |
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Definition
|
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Term
| who gets lymphangiosarcoma? |
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Definition
| people with long standing lymphedema (>10yrs). E.g. post-radical mastectomy |
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Term
Name bug for each neonatal ToRCHeS:
1)Chorioretinitis, Hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
2) Temporal encephalitis, Vesicular lesions
3) Hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash (blueberry)
4) PDA (or pulmonary artery hypoplasia), cataracts, and deafness. Blueberry
5) Notched teeth, micrognathia, saber shins, saddle nose |
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Definition
1) Toxo
2) HSV
3) CMV
4) Rubella (german measles)
5) Syphilis |
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Term
| Which fungus can mimick TB (i.e. lung granulomas w/ calcifications) |
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Definition
| Histoplasmosis (ohio & missippi river valleys; bird & bat droppings; caves) |
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Term
| KOH prep shows large yeast w/ single bud. 24C incubation yields branching, tubular structure. |
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Definition
| Blastomyces (single broad-based-bud) |
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Term
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Definition
Sporothrix
Blastomyces
Coccidioides
Paracoccidioides
Histoplasmosis |
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Term
| antiepileptic that blocks T-type Ca channels |
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Definition
Ethosuximide (& maybe valproic acid)
ASIDE: T-type Ca channels are in the thalamus & send out rhythmic pulses. These are dysfunctional in absence seizures. Additionally, along w/ "funny" channels, they are involved in pacemaker current |
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Term
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Definition
| pentasaccharide form of heparin. Causes AT3 to preferentially bind factor X & inactivate it |
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Term
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Definition
| binds thrombin & directs it to activate protein C instead of V & VIII |
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Term
| What allows N.meningitis to attach to epithelium & invade? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the proposed mechanism why CNS undergoes liquifactive necrosis? |
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Definition
| Infarcted neurons release lysosomal granules (which are very abundant in neurons) --> digestion of tissue |
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Term
| first and most common symptom of EtOH withdrawal? |
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Definition
the "shakes", i.e. tremulousness.
Autonomic dysfunction (e.g. increased HR, RR, & temp), GI distress, & anxiety are others
Withdrawal Sx peak between 48-72 hrs. Most feared complication is delirium tremens. |
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Term
5 distinct categories of eczematous dermatitis
(don't worry about knowing these cold, just putting it here as a reference) |
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Definition
1) Allergic contact dermatitis
2) Atopic dermatitis
3) Drug-related exzematous dermatitis
4) Photo-eczematous dermatitis
5) primary irritant dermatitis |
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Term
Epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in the intercellular spaces (spongiosis). Edema may become so great that it tears desmosomes apart & creates intraepidermal vesicles.
In later stages, you get parakeratosis, acanthosis, & hyperkeratosis |
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Definition
Eczematous dermatitis
Drug induced dermatitis may extend much deeper than contact dermatitis (i.e. to dermal vessels for the former) |
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Term
| Hypersensitivity in Eczematous dermatitis |
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Definition
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Term
| Impaired balance, difficulty speaking developing over a few months. Liver enzymes are elevate. Not viral or drug related. |
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Definition
Wilson's disease
Liver & CNS involvement. Kayser-Fleischer rings present.
CNS manifestations can include parkinson-like Sx, Ataxia, Slurred speech, Personality changes, Paranoia, or Depression |
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Term
| cause of non-bacterial, thrombotic endocarditis |
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Definition
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Term
| Tumor cells no longer susceptible to chemotherapy. This effect is abolished after administering verapamil, diltiazem, or ketoconazole? |
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Definition
multi-drug-resistance 1 gene (MDR1). This codes for an ATP-dependend P-glycoprotein efflux pump (very similar to bacterial mechanisms for tetracyclines)
the drugs listed have been shown to decrease the action of this pump |
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Term
| What needs to be monitored when taking thiazolidinediones(e.g. pioglitazone?) |
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Definition
Liver enzymes
These drugs can also cause fluid retention -> exacerbate CHF |
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Term
| most common cause of elevated AFP during gestation? |
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Definition
underestimation of gestational age
also: NTD, amphalocele, gastroschisis, multiple gestations |
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Term
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Definition
VLDL & remnant uptake by liver
loss of this causes familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (type III hyperlipoproteinemia). Manifest by xanthomas, premature coronary and peripheral vascular disease. Elevations of cholesterol & triglyceride levels |
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Term
| What on the basement membrane does vWF bind? |
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Definition
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Term
| DOC for person w/ HTN and a PMH of MI and signs of CHF (i.e. DOE, PND, etc) |
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Definition
ACE inhibitor (probably w/ spironolactone)
This is because ACEIs inhibit cardiac remodeling, and thus are considered the DOC for CHF pts in managing hypertension |
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Term
triad of Wernicke syndrome
What syndrome is it usually accompanied by? Which part of it is NOT reversible? |
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Definition
Opthalmoplegia, atazia, and confusion
Korsakoff syndrome consists of memory loss & confabulation. The memory loss may be permanent even with Thiamine administration |
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