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Scenario:
Andrew arrives on campus 1st wk of college, initially disturbed by isolation of pullman. Several wks Andrew finds himself becoming attached to pullman. |
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OPT and drug use
• In the beginning |
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| o Primary process (A) drives motivation |
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| process A (euphoria/relaxation is reinforcing) |
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| • Taking a drug a drug= euphoria, then |
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| wears off. Can’t function at the higher level, body doesnt want the elevated state so it starts to develop an opposing process (B) to offset/neutralize the effects of process A, bring the body back to ideal set point. |
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| Kappa opoid receptor is |
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| process B, can measure process B getting stronger over time. The true opposite of the euphoric effect |
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| euphoria is reduced by the neutralizing effects of process B (but not eliminated) |
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| process A euphoria would be higher |
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| Effects of withdrawal get stronger and more aversive bc process B becomes is there on its own as process A wears off. |
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Gets stronger
Evoked fasted in response to A
Body gets better and better at neutralizing A and sticking to the baseline affect point |
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| Overtime: you feel a nice bump then crappy all the time. Drinking is the only time you feel normal (baseline) |
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| Motivation to use drugs shifts from acquiring drug effect |
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| (positive reinforcement), which is getting progressively weaker, to escaping or avoiding the withdrawal effects (negative reinforcement) that occur if the drug is not taken) |
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| • Short term addiction is an example of |
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| acquired reward (positive reinforcement) |
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| • But long term drug addiction is an example, |
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| primarily of avoidance behavior (negative reinforcement) |
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• OPT
o Think about activities that are initially unpleasant
process A vs B |
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• Process A is you being stressed out and being unhappy. This stimulus doesn’t change, its just negative.
• Process B will be the opposite direction of A and calm you down, relief, feel giddy. |
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| when initially unpleasant overtime: |
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• Over time, process B gets stronger, producing stronger positive withdrawal. Level of fear/anxiety decreases
• Over time the individual starts to chase the pleasurable withdrawal effects |
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| ex of things initially unpleasant: |
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| • Ex: working out feels like crap, then endorphin release, rollercoasters, horror movies, sky diving |
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| the opponent process B can also be conditioned to cues that signal the primary process A. |
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| Cue associated w/opposing process and starts before you take the drug(seeing a needle). |
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| classical conditioning model of OPT |
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• Heroin -> decreased heart rate (process A)
• Cue + Heroin -> Decreased heart rate
• Cue (CS) -> Increased heart rate (process B) (CR)
• Process B can now make a preemptive strike to counter process A. Promotes tolerance (better able to neutralize A) Motivates greater drug dosage bc cues push body into state of displeasure |
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all addiction profiles (stimulants) chasing high
how a person would be initially motivated to expose themselves to aversive stimulus |
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| ex of behavioral addictions |
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| • Running, shopping, internet, gambling |
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| Why is studying this important? |
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• Drug addiction
• Changes in reinforcement
• Drug dependent new borns, born w/ B process in over drive w/ no A process |
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