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470 exam2.1
n/a
30
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/12/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
• Dove courtship behaviors-
Definition
reflexive behavior, genetic, observable. Birds have very fixed patterns of behavior. Male flashes feathers to attract female.
Term
• Sex is similar to thirst and hunger in that:
Definition
o Multiple inputs and outputs
o Internal and external factors
o Negative feedback
Term
sex is negative feedback
Definition
• Input causes MS and theres an output that turns off output
Term
• It is different from thirst and hunger in that:
Definition
o Non-homeostatic o Involves social interaction (usually)
o More complicated and controversial nature/nurture debate.
Term
sex is Non-homeostatic bc
Definition
• Sexual acts are not designed to regulate physiological functions (ex: hormones) within set boundaries
Term
sex is More complicated and controversial nature/nurture debate.
Definition
• You need to eat to survive, but do you need to have sex to survive? Some things are learned.
Term
Stickleback Fish Releasing stimuli that
Definition
o Swollen belly attracts males, reflexive, genetic, innate response- no learning.
Term
releasing stimuli in humans study:
Definition
o In humans- eye tracking studies in bars- hardwired responses, we see something we fixate on
• Dependent on sex hormones
Term
Sex hormones-
Definition
in both genders Androgens, estrogens, progestins produced by adrenal gland and gonads
Term
Androgens- secreted by -- control--
Definition
gonads and adrenal glands. Control sex drive and aggression
Term
fixing dogs shows that-
Definition
• fixing dogs- males testees are removed to decrease androgens. Not fixed dogs are more aggressive. Drastic changes in behaviors
Term
where does most of female testosterone come from?
Definition
o Adrenal gland mostly testosterone for both malefemale
Term
Two functions of sex hormones
Definition
organizational
activational
Term
organizational role of sex hormones
Definition
determines sexual dimorphism (malarian and wolfiann systems) determines if you are male or female
• Genitalia
• Secondary sex characteristics
• Brain function/structure
Term
activational role of sex hormones:
Definition
• Set the stage for sexual receptivity
• Contribute to sex typical actions in some animals
Term
SH and Sexual Dimorphism
• 1. Internal and external genitalia
Definition
o experimental rat data and CAH in females, secondary sex characteristics, the brain
Term
SH and Sexual Dimorphism tested in rats shows that:
Definition
• injecting mother with
 testosterone masculinizes appearance of female offspring
 anti testesterone feminizes the appearance of male offspring – activational effect of hormones becase they are still males and still females
Term
SH and Sexual Dimorphism is shown in CAH in females by:
Definition
o CAH females- clinical human data
• XX fetus exposed to extra androgen
• Masculinizes external appearance
Term
Secondary sex characteristics
Definition
o dimorphic changes that occur at puberty and accentuate differences between the male and female form.
• Clincial therapy for sex reassignment –
 Androgen-insensitivity syndrome
• XY individual unresponsive to androgen –look completely female
Term
SH and sexual dimorphism shown in the brain in 3 areas:
Definition
o 3 brain regions that are sexual dimorphic: corpus callosum, amygdala, hypothalamus
Term
o Hypothalamus-
Definition
controls basics of sexual behavior
Term
o Corpus callosum-
Definition
connects the two hemispheres= how well they communicate. The stronger= more connections= better at multitasking- women better at multi tasking
Term
o Amygdala-
Definition
fear, aggression
• Males more aggresive
• Medical condition where amygdala calcifies and dies. They cannot feal fear. They can rationalize that something is bad, but not feel fear.
• Amygdala tumor where it is over active- hyper agressive
Term
o Phineas Gage-
Definition
frontal cortex rail road spike. Extreme aggresive still had amygdala but not frontal cortex
Term
Pt HM-
Definition
profound memory loss, could not form new memories. Had epilepsy, did brain surgery/cut out hippocampus and cured epilepsy- but w/side effects
Term
• Three brain differences in males/females
Definition
o 1. Larger preoptic area of hypothalamus in maleso
2. Larger right hemisphere relative to left in males (more equal in females) o 3. Larger corpus callosum in human females
Term
Larger preoptic area of hypothalamus in males
Definition
• Can alter the size w/prenatal injections of homones by giving testoseterone to increase size in female rats or block testesterone in males and the brain region wont grow
• Appears to be important for sexual motivation and behavior atleast in rats.
 Females given testost- behaved like male rats
 Males that had it blocked behaved like females
 Change motivation and behavior by changin amount of hormones
Term
Larger right hemisphere relative to left in males (more equal in females)
Definition
• can alter hormonally soon after birth
 give testosterone to females soon after birth or castrate males to eliminate.
 Also changes w/environment manipulations
• 7 year old boys have different size brain than female and perform much better on spacial task (using a map)
• (hormones set the stage for brain sizes and behaviors)
Term
Larger corpus callosum in human females
Definition
• gets larger w/age
• uncertain of effect of hormones
• environment also likely plays a role
Term
critical periods for effect of hormones (partically androgen) on the brain-
organizational-
activation
hypothalamus
cortex
Definition
o Organizational effects- in utero or at birth
o Activation- any time/sex change procedure
o Hypothalamus -> early (prenatal-right after birth)
• Controls important behaviors, cant change after birth
o Cortex (hemispherse; corpus callosum) -> much later
• Possible bi-directional effects( make it larger or smaller)
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