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464 Ch.5
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48
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
09/17/2014

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Term
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) describes
Definition
children who display persistent age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are sufficient to cause impairment in major life activities.
Term
ADHD physicals signs and characteristics
Definition
No distinct physical signs: identified through characteristic behaviors that vary considerably from child to child
Term
ADHD- Different patterns of behavior may have
Definition
different causes
Term
ADHD early 1900s
Definition
Children who lacked self-control and showed symptoms of overactivity/inattention in school were said to have poor “inhibitory volition” and “defective moral control”
Term
ADHD and influenze 1917-26
Definition
“Brain injured child syndrome” (often associated with mental retardation): children who developed and survived encephalitis during epidemic, and those who suffered birth trauma, head injury, or exposure to toxinssome children displayed similar behaviors with no evidence of brain damage or mental retardation
Term
ADHD 1950s
Definition
ADHD was called hyperkinesis and was attributed to poor filtering of stimuli entering the brain
Term
ADHD being called hyperkineses led to definition of
Definition
hyperactive child syndrome, in which motor overactivity was seen as a main feature of ADHD
Term
1950s it was recognized another problem in relation to ADHD
Definition
child’s failure to regulate motor activity in relation to situational demands
Term
ADHD by 1970s
Definition
deficits in attention and impulse control, in addition to hyperactivity, were seen as the primary symptoms
Term
ADHD by 1980
Definition
increased interest due to rise in stimulant use
Term
most recently in ADHD
Definition
focus has been on problems in self-regulation, behavioral inhibition, and motivational deficits
Term
ADHD Key symptoms fall under two well-documented categories
Definition
Inattention
Hyperactivity-impulsivity
Term
Using these two dimensions (inattention/hyperactivity-impulsivity) to define ADHD oversimplifies the disorder by
Definition
Each dimension includes many distinct processes
Although discussed separately, attention and impulse control are closely connected developmentally
Term
Core characteristics slide 7 on ch 5 there is a lot
Definition
Term
Inattention (IA)
Definition
Difficulty, during work or play, to focus on one task or to follow through on requests or instructions
Term
IA is inability to sustain
Definition
attention, particularly for repetitive, structured, and less enjoyable tasks
Term
Inattention Deficits may be seen in one or more types of attention
Definition
Attentional capacity
Selective attention
Distractibility
Sustained attention/vigilance (a core feature
Term
IA sustained attention/vigilance may be a problem in
Definition
alerting (the ability to prepare for what is about to happen)
Term
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity (HI)
is strongly linked with
Definition
Strong link between hyperactivity and impulsivity, suggesting both are part of a fundamental deficit in regulating behavior
Term
Hyperactivity (HI):
Definition
Primary impairment is inability to voluntarily inhibit dominant or ongoing behavior
Term
Hyperactive behaviors include:
Definition
Fidgeting and difficulty staying seated when required
Moving, running, climbing about, touching everything in sight, excessive talking, and pencil tapping
Excessively energetic, intense, inappropriate, and not goal-directed
Accomplishing little despite extreme activity
Term
Impulsivity (IA):
Definition
Unable to control immediate reactions or think before acting
Cognitive impulsivity: disorganization, hurried thinking, and need for supervision
Behavioral impulsivity: difficulty inhibiting responses when situations require it
Emotional impulsivity: impatience, low frustration tolerance, hot temper, quickness to anger, and irritability
Term
The primary attention deficit in ADHD is
Definition
an inability to engage and sustain attention and to follow through on directions or rules while resisting salient distractions
Term
Predominantly Inattentive Type (ADHD-PI):
Definition
Primarily symptoms of inattention
Inattentive, drowsy, daydreamy, spacey, in a fog, and easily confused
May have learning disability, process information slowly, have trouble remembering things, and display low academic achievement
Often anxious, apprehensive, socially withdrawn, and may display mood disorders
Term
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type (ADHD-HI):
Definition
Primarily symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity (rarest group)
Primarily includes preschoolers and may have limited validity for older children
May be a distinct subtype of ADHD-C
Term
Combined Type (ADHD-C):
Definition
Children who have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity
Most often referred for treatment
Term
subtypes of ADHD are aka
Definition
specifiers
Term
Children with ADHD-HI and ADHD-C are more likely to display:
Definition
Problems inhibiting behavior
Problems with behavioral persistence
Aggressiveness, defiance, peer rejection, suspension from school, and placement in special education classes
Term
Subtypes may be unstable over time
Definition
Issues remain regarding the reliability and validity of the discrete subtypes specified in DSM-IV-TR and their symptom criteria
Proposed changes for the DSM-V: no subtypes, grouping based on personality traits, or using two-step procedure
Term
To diagnose ADHD using DSM, the behaviors must also:
Definition
Appear prior to age 7
Occur more often and with greater severity than in other children of the same age and sex
Continue for more than 6 months
Occur across several settings
Produce significant impairments in child’s social or academic performance
Not be due to another disorder or serious life stressor
Term
diagnosing ADHD it is important to assess
Definition
both the child’s symptoms and impairment in functioning
Term
Limitations of DSM Criteria for ADHD:
Definition
Developmental insensitivity
Categorical view of ADHD
Requirement of an onset of symptoms before age 7 is arbitrary and overly restrictive
DSM criteria shape our understanding of ADHD but are also shaped by, and in some instances lag behind, new research findings
Term
Children with ADHD often display other problems in addition to their primary difficulties
Definition
Cognitive deficits
Speech and language impairments
Developmental coordination and tic disorders
Medical and physical concerns
Social problems
Term
Cognitive processes:
Definition
working memory, mental computation, planning and anticipation, flexibility of thinking, and the use of organizational strategies
Term
Language processes:
Definition
verbal fluency and the use of self-directed speech
Term
Motor processes:
Definition
allocation of effort, following prohibitive instructions, response inhibition, and motor coordination and sequencing
Term
Emotional processes:
Definition
self-regulation of arousal level and tolerating frustration
Term
Intellectual deficits:
Definition
Since most children with ADHD have at least normal intelligence, the difficulty may be in applying intelligence to everyday life situations
Term
Impaired academic functioning:
Definition
Children with ADHD frequently have lower productivity, grades, and scores on achievement tests
Academic skills are impaired before the 1st grade
Term
Learning disorders common for children with ADHD:
Definition
Problem areas: reading, spelling, math
Show distinct patterns of cognitive deficits
Different pathways may underlie the link between ADHD and learning disorders
Term
Distorted self-perceptions:
Definition
Positive illusory bias: exaggeration of one’s competence
Self-esteem in children with ADHD may vary with the subtype of ADHD, the accompanying disorders, and the area of performance being assessed.
Distortions in their perceptions of quality of life
Term
About --% of children with ADHD have impairments in speech and language
Definition
30-60%
Term
Common examples of impairments include:
Definition
Formal speech and language disorders
Difficulty understanding others’ speech and using appropriate language in everyday situations
Excessive and loud talking
Frequent shifts and interruptions in conversation
Inability to listen
Inappropriate conversations
Speech production errors, fewer pronouns and conjunctions, tangential and unrelated comments, abandoned utterances, and unclear links
Term
As many as 30-50% of children with ADHD display motor coordination difficulties
Definition
Clumsiness, poor performance in sports, or poor handwriting
Term
Overlap exists between ADHD and developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
Definition
Marked motor incoordination and delays in achieving motor milestones
Term
About 20% of children with ADHD also have tic disorders:
Definition
Sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movements or sounds such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, throat clearing, and grunting
Term
Health-related problems with ADHD:
Definition
Higher rates of asthma and bedwetting have been reported, but findings are inconsistent
Sleep disturbances, possibly related to use of stimulant medications and/or co-occurring conduct or anxiety disorders
Term
Accident-proneness and risk taking with ADHD:
Definition
Over 50% are described as being accident-prone
At higher risk for traffic accidents
At risk for early initiation of cigarette smoking, substance use disorders, and risky sexual behaviors
Reduced life expectancy
Higher medical costs
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