Term
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) describes |
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Definition
| children who display persistent age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are sufficient to cause impairment in major life activities. |
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Term
| ADHD physicals signs and characteristics |
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Definition
| No distinct physical signs: identified through characteristic behaviors that vary considerably from child to child |
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Term
| ADHD- Different patterns of behavior may have |
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Definition
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Definition
| Children who lacked self-control and showed symptoms of overactivity/inattention in school were said to have poor “inhibitory volition” and “defective moral control” |
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Term
| ADHD and influenze 1917-26 |
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Definition
| “Brain injured child syndrome” (often associated with mental retardation): children who developed and survived encephalitis during epidemic, and those who suffered birth trauma, head injury, or exposure to toxinssome children displayed similar behaviors with no evidence of brain damage or mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| ADHD was called hyperkinesis and was attributed to poor filtering of stimuli entering the brain |
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Term
| ADHD being called hyperkineses led to definition of |
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Definition
| hyperactive child syndrome, in which motor overactivity was seen as a main feature of ADHD |
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Term
| 1950s it was recognized another problem in relation to ADHD |
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Definition
| child’s failure to regulate motor activity in relation to situational demands |
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Definition
| deficits in attention and impulse control, in addition to hyperactivity, were seen as the primary symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| increased interest due to rise in stimulant use |
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Definition
| focus has been on problems in self-regulation, behavioral inhibition, and motivational deficits |
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Term
| ADHD Key symptoms fall under two well-documented categories |
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Definition
Inattention
Hyperactivity-impulsivity |
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Term
| Using these two dimensions (inattention/hyperactivity-impulsivity) to define ADHD oversimplifies the disorder by |
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Definition
Each dimension includes many distinct processes
Although discussed separately, attention and impulse control are closely connected developmentally |
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Term
| Core characteristics slide 7 on ch 5 there is a lot |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty, during work or play, to focus on one task or to follow through on requests or instructions |
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Term
| IA is inability to sustain |
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Definition
| attention, particularly for repetitive, structured, and less enjoyable tasks |
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Term
| Inattention Deficits may be seen in one or more types of attention |
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Definition
Attentional capacity
Selective attention
Distractibility
Sustained attention/vigilance (a core feature |
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Term
| IA sustained attention/vigilance may be a problem in |
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Definition
| alerting (the ability to prepare for what is about to happen) |
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Term
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity (HI)
is strongly linked with |
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Definition
| Strong link between hyperactivity and impulsivity, suggesting both are part of a fundamental deficit in regulating behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary impairment is inability to voluntarily inhibit dominant or ongoing behavior |
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Term
| Hyperactive behaviors include: |
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Definition
Fidgeting and difficulty staying seated when required
Moving, running, climbing about, touching everything in sight, excessive talking, and pencil tapping
Excessively energetic, intense, inappropriate, and not goal-directed
Accomplishing little despite extreme activity |
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Term
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Definition
Unable to control immediate reactions or think before acting
Cognitive impulsivity: disorganization, hurried thinking, and need for supervision
Behavioral impulsivity: difficulty inhibiting responses when situations require it
Emotional impulsivity: impatience, low frustration tolerance, hot temper, quickness to anger, and irritability |
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Term
| The primary attention deficit in ADHD is |
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Definition
| an inability to engage and sustain attention and to follow through on directions or rules while resisting salient distractions |
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Term
| Predominantly Inattentive Type (ADHD-PI): |
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Definition
Primarily symptoms of inattention
Inattentive, drowsy, daydreamy, spacey, in a fog, and easily confused
May have learning disability, process information slowly, have trouble remembering things, and display low academic achievement
Often anxious, apprehensive, socially withdrawn, and may display mood disorders |
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Term
| Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type (ADHD-HI): |
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Definition
Primarily symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity (rarest group)
Primarily includes preschoolers and may have limited validity for older children
May be a distinct subtype of ADHD-C |
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Term
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Definition
Children who have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity
Most often referred for treatment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Children with ADHD-HI and ADHD-C are more likely to display: |
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Definition
Problems inhibiting behavior
Problems with behavioral persistence
Aggressiveness, defiance, peer rejection, suspension from school, and placement in special education classes |
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Term
| Subtypes may be unstable over time |
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Definition
Issues remain regarding the reliability and validity of the discrete subtypes specified in DSM-IV-TR and their symptom criteria
Proposed changes for the DSM-V: no subtypes, grouping based on personality traits, or using two-step procedure |
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Term
| To diagnose ADHD using DSM, the behaviors must also: |
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Definition
Appear prior to age 7
Occur more often and with greater severity than in other children of the same age and sex
Continue for more than 6 months
Occur across several settings
Produce significant impairments in child’s social or academic performance
Not be due to another disorder or serious life stressor |
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Term
| diagnosing ADHD it is important to assess |
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Definition
| both the child’s symptoms and impairment in functioning |
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Term
| Limitations of DSM Criteria for ADHD: |
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Definition
Developmental insensitivity
Categorical view of ADHD
Requirement of an onset of symptoms before age 7 is arbitrary and overly restrictive
DSM criteria shape our understanding of ADHD but are also shaped by, and in some instances lag behind, new research findings |
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Term
| Children with ADHD often display other problems in addition to their primary difficulties |
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Definition
Cognitive deficits
Speech and language impairments
Developmental coordination and tic disorders
Medical and physical concerns
Social problems |
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Term
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Definition
| working memory, mental computation, planning and anticipation, flexibility of thinking, and the use of organizational strategies |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal fluency and the use of self-directed speech |
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Term
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Definition
| allocation of effort, following prohibitive instructions, response inhibition, and motor coordination and sequencing |
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Term
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Definition
| self-regulation of arousal level and tolerating frustration |
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Term
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Definition
| Since most children with ADHD have at least normal intelligence, the difficulty may be in applying intelligence to everyday life situations |
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Term
| Impaired academic functioning: |
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Definition
Children with ADHD frequently have lower productivity, grades, and scores on achievement tests
Academic skills are impaired before the 1st grade |
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Term
| Learning disorders common for children with ADHD: |
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Definition
Problem areas: reading, spelling, math
Show distinct patterns of cognitive deficits
Different pathways may underlie the link between ADHD and learning disorders |
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Term
| Distorted self-perceptions: |
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Definition
Positive illusory bias: exaggeration of one’s competence
Self-esteem in children with ADHD may vary with the subtype of ADHD, the accompanying disorders, and the area of performance being assessed.
Distortions in their perceptions of quality of life |
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Term
| About --% of children with ADHD have impairments in speech and language |
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Definition
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Term
| Common examples of impairments include: |
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Definition
Formal speech and language disorders
Difficulty understanding others’ speech and using appropriate language in everyday situations
Excessive and loud talking
Frequent shifts and interruptions in conversation
Inability to listen
Inappropriate conversations
Speech production errors, fewer pronouns and conjunctions, tangential and unrelated comments, abandoned utterances, and unclear links |
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Term
| As many as 30-50% of children with ADHD display motor coordination difficulties |
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Definition
| Clumsiness, poor performance in sports, or poor handwriting |
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Term
| Overlap exists between ADHD and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) |
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Definition
| Marked motor incoordination and delays in achieving motor milestones |
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Term
| About 20% of children with ADHD also have tic disorders: |
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Definition
| Sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movements or sounds such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, throat clearing, and grunting |
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Term
| Health-related problems with ADHD: |
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Definition
Higher rates of asthma and bedwetting have been reported, but findings are inconsistent
Sleep disturbances, possibly related to use of stimulant medications and/or co-occurring conduct or anxiety disorders |
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Term
| Accident-proneness and risk taking with ADHD: |
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Definition
Over 50% are described as being accident-prone
At higher risk for traffic accidents
At risk for early initiation of cigarette smoking, substance use disorders, and risky sexual behaviors
Reduced life expectancy
Higher medical costs |
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