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464 Ch. 3
n/a
40
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
09/14/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Epidemiological research
Definition
is the study of incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of disorders and competencies in clinic-referred and community samples
Term
Incidence rates:
Definition
the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period
Term
Prevalence rates:
Definition
all cases, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified time period
Term
Prevalence rates vary depending on
Definition
on how cases are defined (single symptoms, multiple symptoms, or patterns of symptoms)
Term
Rate and expression of symptoms and disorders vary in relation to
Definition
demographic and situational factors, e.g., SES
Term
Correlates:
Definition
variables associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other
Term
Risk factors:
Definition
variables that precede an outcome of interest and increase the chance of a negative outcome
Term
Protective factors:
Definition
variables that precede an outcome of interest and decrease the chance of a negative outcome
Term
Research into risk and protective factors requires
Definition
large samples and that multiple domains of functioning (physical, intellectual, psychosocial) be assessed over long periods of time
Term
Sleeper (delayed) effects
Definition
complicate study of risk and protective factors
Term
Moderating variables
Definition
influence the direction or strength of the relationship of variables of interest
Term
Mediating variables
Definition
refer to the process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces a particular outcome
Term
mediating vs moderating
Definition
Moderators have an independent effect on the existing relationship between two variables
Mediators account for some or all of the apparent relationship between two variables
Term
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs):
Definition
children with a particular problem are randomly assigned to different treatment and control conditions
Term
Treatment efficacy vs Treatment effectiveness
Definition
efficacy- refers to whether a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions
effectiveness refers to whether the treatment can be shown to work in clinical practice not just in well-controlled research settings
Term
Reliability:
Definition
the consistency or repeatability of results obtained using a specific method of measurement
Term
Internal consistency:
Definition
whether all parts of a method of measurement contribute in a meaningful way to the information obtained
Term
Interrater reliability
Definition
various observers agree on what they see
Term
Test-retest reliability:
Definition
: results obtained from a measure are stable over time
Term
Reliability depends on the measures you are using. Using questionaire? Interviews?
Definition
Interviews? Interrater reliability. questionaire? Then focus on internal consistency.
Term
Validity:
Definition
the extent to which the method actually measures the dimension or construct of interest
Term
Face validity:
Definition
: the extent to which it appears to assess the construct of interest
Term
Construct validity:
Definition
whether scores on a measure behave as predicted by theory or past research
Term
Discriminant validity:
Definition
refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another
Term
Criterion-related validity:
In the future vs at same time
Definition
refers to how well a measure predicts behavior in specific settings At the same time (concurrent validity)
In the future (predictive validity)
Term
Compared to naturalistic observations, structured observations are
Definition
often cost-effective, allow for focused attention, are useful for studying infrequent behavior, and allow for greater control over the situation
Term
observational methods major limitations
Definition
uncertainty of whether the observations are a representative sample of behavior, and the effect of the observer’s presence on the behavior being observed
Term
Internal validity
Definition
The extent to which a particular variable, rather than extraneous influences, accounts for the findings
Among the threats to internal validity are maturation, the effects of testing, and subject selection biases
Term
External validity
Definition
The degree to which findings can be generalized to other people, settings, times, measures, and characteristics
Term
Among the threats to external validity are
Definition
individual characteristics of participants, subject reactivity to participation, the setting, and the time that measurements are made
Term
RCT provide the greatest
Definition
greatest Internal validity b/c in RCT you can control for maturation, effects of testing, subject selection biases
Term
Random selection is
Definition
every person has equal probability to being in your sample
Random assesment is internal- every participant has equal opportunity to be in any tx group
Term
Comorbidity:
Definition
The simultaneous occurrence of two or more disorders than would commonly be predicted from general population base rates of individual disorders
Term
Retrospective designs
Definition
Sample is identified at the current time and asked for information relating to an earlier time
Data are highly susceptible to bias and distortion in recall
Term
Real-time prospective designs
Definition
Sample is identified and followed over time, with data collected at specified time intervals
Problems related to bias and distortion in recall are minimized, but these designs are time consuming and susceptible to sample attrition
Term
Analogue Research
Definition
Evaluates a specific variable under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation for which one wishes to generalize
Term
Cross-sectional:
Definition
individuals at different ages or periods of development are studied at the same point in time
Often efficient and less susceptible to attrition and practice effects; however, evidence about individual change is not available
Term
Longitudinal
Definition
individuals are studied over time at different ages or periods of development
Identify patterns common to youngsters, differences in developmental paths, and individual developmental trends; however, difficult to obtain/maintain funding over time, problems with practice effects as well as aging and cohort effects
Term
Qualitative Research
Definition
Focuses on narrative accounts, description, interpretation, context, and meaning.
findings cannot be generalized to other individuals
Term
Assent:
Definition
The child agrees to participate
Must be obtained if child is around age 7 or older
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