Term
Research studies in abnormal child psychology seek to:
define-
identify-
predict-
develop- |
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Definition
Define normal and abnormal behavior Identify the cases and correlates of abnormal behavior
Make predictions about long-term outcomes
Develop and evaluate methods for treatment and/or prevention |
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| When adults seek services for children, it is not often clear |
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| Many child and adolescent problems involve a failure to show |
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| expected developmental progress |
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| Many problem behaviors shown by children and youths are |
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| Interventions for children and adolescents are often intended to |
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| promote further development, rather than merely to restore a previous level of functioning |
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| Ancient Greek/Roman view: |
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| The disabled were an economic burden and social embarrassment to be scorned, abandoned, or put to death |
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Children’s mental health problems were ignored
Children were subjected to harsh treatment due to beliefs that they would die, were possessed, or were parents’ property
Massachusetts’ Stubborn Child Act of 1654 |
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| Interest in abnormal child behavior surfaced, although strong church influence attributed behaviors to children’s uncivilized and provocative nature |
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| John Locke (17th century): |
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| Believed children should be raised with thought and care, not indifference and harsh treatment |
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| Jean-Marc Itard (19th century): |
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| Focused on the care, treatment, and training of “mental defectives” |
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| Distinguished individuals with mental retardation (“imbeciles”) from those with psychiatric disorders (“lunatics”) |
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| Children are incapable of adult-like insanity, so those with normal cognitive abilities but disturbing behavior suffer from “moral insanity |
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| tx of infectious disease strengthened belief that diseases are biological problems |
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| The view of mental disorders as “diseases” led to |
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fear of contamination
Many communities used eugenics (sterilization) and segregation (institutionalization) |
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Definition
| Psychological influences began with formulating a taxonomy of illnesses (freud) |
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Definition
freud link mental disordes with childhood experiences
explore their dev and situation
still used today but hard to measure |
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| freud held the view that child/adult could be |
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| helped if provided with proper environment, therapy, or both |
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| Laid the foundation for empirical study of how abnormal behavior develops and can be treated through conditioning |
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Pavlov’s research on classical conditioning
Watson’s studies on elimination of children’s fears and theory of emotions
Little Albert- baby presented with fury animal. Classical conditioning to overcome phobias |
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| Psychodynamic approaches were still dominant Most children with intellectual or mental disorders were institutionalized |
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| the number of children in institutions decreased while the number of children in foster care and group homes increased |
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| harmful impact of institutional life on children’s growth and development |
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| In the 1950s and 1960s -- therapy was the systematic approach to tx of child and family disorders |
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| Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) |
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| Individuals with Disabilities Education Act- |
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Definition
Free and appropriate public education for children with special needs in the least restrictive environment
Each child must be assessed with culturally appropriate tests
Individualized education program (IEP) for each child |
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| United Nations General Assembly (2007) adopted a new convention to protect the rights of persons with disabilities |
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Definition
| measures to improve disability rights, and also to abolish legislation, customs, and practices that discriminate against persons with disabilities |
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Term
| Childhood disorders are accompanied by |
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Definition
| various layers of abnormal behavior or development, ranging from the more visible, to the more subtle, to the more hidden |
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| in order to assist children in healthy adaptation- |
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Definition
| Must understand children’s individual strengths and abilities Must also be sensitive to each child’s stage of development- very essential! |
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| Disorders are commonly viewed |
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Definition
| from normal despite arbitrary boundaries between normal and abnormal functioning |
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Term
Defining Psychological Disorders
Traditionally defined as |
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Definition
patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms associated with one or more of the following:
Distress
Disability
Increased risk for further suffering or harm |
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Term
| traditional definition of psych disorder excludes |
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Definition
| circumstances where reactions are expected and appropriate as defined by one’s cultural background |
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| traditional definition of psych disorder describes - not - |
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| Describes behaviors, not causes |
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| Consistent with DSM-IV-TR, the primary purpose of using terms is to |
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Definition
help describe, organize, and express complex features of behavior patterns
- important to seperate child from disorder/stigma/label of behavior |
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| Definitions of abnormal child behavior must take into account the child’s |
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Definition
competence: the ability to successfully adapt in the environment
degree/extent of maladaptive behavior/ development milestones |
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| fundamental for determining developmental progress and impairments |
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| Knowledge of developmental tasks, such as conduct and academic achievement |
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| competence meausred infancy-preschool |
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Definition
attachment to caregiver
language
differentiation of self from enviornment
self control/compliance |
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| competence meausred middle childhood |
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Definition
school adjustment (attentendence/conduct)
Academic achievement (read, math)
getting along with peers
rule governed conduct (following rules of society) |
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| competence meausred adolescence |
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Definition
successful transition to secondary edu
academic achievement
extra curricular activities
close friendships and across gender
cohesive sense of self identity |
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| Two types of developmental pathways: |
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multifinality
equifinality |
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Various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings
(being abused leads to eating/mood/conduct disorder) |
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Definition
Similar outcomes stem from different early experiences and developmental pathways
Different factors lead to a similar outcome (genetics/family/environment cause conduct disorder) |
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| Poverty is associated with impairments in |
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Definition
| learning/achievement/edu/low paying jobs/bad health care/single parents/violence |
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| sex differences in age and externalizing problems |
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Definition
| peaks at age 4 then decreases for both but always higher for boys |
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| sex differences in age and internalizing problems |
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Definition
| starts low and goes really high for girl at 10,11,12yo |
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| In boys, resilience is associated with households with: |
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Definition
A male role model
Structure and rules
Encouragement of emotional expressiveness |
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| In girls, resilience is associated with households that: |
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Definition
| Combine risk taking and independence with support from female caregiver |
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| Most cultural anthropologists see race as |
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Definition
| a socially constructed concept, not a biological one |
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| Minority children in the U.S. are overrepresented in rates of some disorders: |
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Definition
| Substance abuse, delinquency, and teen suicide |
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| When controlling for other effects (SES, gender, age, referral status), |
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Definition
| few differences emerge in relation to race or ethnicity |
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